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  • Bellona: Goddess of War  

    Bellona: Goddess of War  

    The Goddess of War, Bellona, holds a commanding and unyielding presence in Roman mythology, embodying the essence of war and conflict. With a rich and storied history steeped in the martial traditions of ancient Rome, she represents the unrelenting brutality and overpowering might that accompany the ravages of warfare. Throughout history, military commanders and warriors alike have turned to Bellona in times of great need, invoking her divine intercession and steadfast support on the battlefield. In the following examination, we delve deeply into the intricate facets of Bellona’s character and explore her formidable abilities, striking characteristics, defining traits, and potent symbols. Our exploration also sheds light on the grand spectacles of devotion and homage directed towards her through the lens of significant festivals and rituals that have persevered throughout Roman history. 

    Overview of Bellona 

    Bellona is a revered figure in Roman mythology, primarily known for her association with the concept of armed conflict and war. Her name comes from the Latin word “bellum,” which means war (“Bellona (Goddess)”), underscoring her deep connection to the subject. Bellona has been worshiped under various names, including “Duellona,” emphasizing her association with duels and battles (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”), and “Bellatrix,” signifying her as a fierce and unwavering warrior (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). 

    In essence, Bellona is the deity who oversees the critical moments of combat, guiding warriors toward victory and protecting them from harm. Her role in ancient Roman culture was significant, with many soldiers invoking her name before heading into battle, seeking her divine intervention and protection. Bellona’s influence extended beyond the battlefield, as she was also considered the patron goddess of the Roman state and the embodiment of its military might. Her legacy lives on to this day as she continues to inspire and captivate those who recognize the crucial role she played in shaping Roman history.

    This oil on panel antique painting portrays Bellona, the deity of warfare, showcasing her signature symbols of a helmet, spear, and shield with the head of Medusa.

    Source: Invaluable.com 

    Titles

    • Protector of Rome 
    • Goddess of War 
    • The Dueler 
    • Lady of Strife 

    Abilities

    Bellona’s abilities, deeply revered by Roman soldiers, are as dynamic as the tumultuous theaters of conflict over which she presides. One of her most notable powers lies in her capacity to infuse courage into soldiers’ hearts (“Bellona (Goddess)”), bestowing upon them an unwavering resolve and a surge of strength in the heat of battle. This transforms them into formidable warriors who stand undaunted against their adversaries (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). Beyond fortifying individual combatants, the goddess also yields power in the strategic realm. Guiding the minds of military strategists and tacticians, she endows them with the wisdom and clarity necessary to devise effective battle plans (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). This divine counsel often proves instrumental in determining the course of a conflict, ensuring that Rome’s legions are poised for victory (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). 

    Moreover, Bellona possesses the unique ability to kindle a warlike fervor among her followers. When invoked, she instills an unquenchable thirst for glory and triumph, igniting the spirits of warriors and driving them to confront adversity with unmatched determination (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). This aspect of her influence is pivotal in rallying Roman forces and ensuring their unwavering commitment to the cause of victory on the battlefield. Bellona is, in essence, a living embodiment of the martial spirit, providing the physical and psychological strength necessary for triumph in the face of conflict.

    Characteristics

    Through various artistic forms and sculptures, Bellona is consistently depicted as a stern and formidable woman, unwavering in her countenance (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). Often donning resplendent armor and wielding powerful weapons, she presents an imposing figure prepared for the rigors of combat (“Bellona (Goddess)”). Her determined expression, captured in these artful depictions, underscores her steadfast resolve in battle. Bellona’s steely gaze mirrors the unrelenting mindset of a warrior who confronts the chaos of warfare with courage and tenacity, emphasizing her role as the patroness of bravery. Her physical representation encapsulates the essence of war – the resolute warrior who stands firm in adversity. Her formidable appearance embodies the ideals of courage, strength, and unwavering determination that define the Roman approach to conflict (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). 

    The painting before us is "Bellona with Romulus and Remus," created by the talented Alessandro Turchi. Adorned in a regal blue dress that peeks out from underneath her battle armor, Bellona also dons a vibrant red cape and helmet, completing her majestic appearance.

    Source: Wikimedia Commons

    Traits

    The character of Bellona is defined by her unwavering fearlessness in the face of chaos and brutality (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). Serving as a steadfast ally to those who invoke her, she inspires Roman soldiers to confront even the direst circumstances on the battlefield. In addition to her fearlessness, Bellona embodies determination and an indomitable spirit, reflecting the unwavering resolve of warriors who strive for victory even under the most challenging circumstances (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). Through her unyielding commitment to pursuing triumph regardless of the odds, Bellona is a symbol of courage and perseverance.

    Symbols

    The various symbols that are attributed to Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, carry significant significance and are considered iconic. Among these symbols are her sword and shield, which she is often depicted holding, emphasizing her dual role as both a fierce warrior and a protector deity (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). In the midst of battle, these weapons were employed to shield her devotees from harm. Additionally, Bellona is frequently portrayed riding a chariot, which serves as an emblem of her role in guiding and leading the forces of war (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). The torch, another important symbol of Bellona, represents her ability to incite conflict and discord, while her attire, often portrayed as bloodstained, serves as a somber reminder of the brutal realities of war (“Bellona (Goddess)”) and the sacrifices made to pursue victory. Collectively, these symbols convey the essence of Bellona’s multifaceted nature as a fierce warrior and a guardian deity, her swiftness in the heat of battle, and her intimate connection with the savagery of war.

    This artwork is titled "Bellona Takes Possession of Weapons of Cupid" and was created by Carlo Cignani (1628-1719). Within the painting, one can observe the presence of Bellona, two horses, and two cherubic figures, one of them being Cupid.

    Source: Fine Art America 

    Festivals and Rituals

    The Festival of Bellona was a significant and annual celebration held on June 3rd, serving as a resounding testament to the veneration and influence of the Roman goddess of war (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). This grand occasion was a vibrant manifestation of Bellona’s profound impact on Roman military culture and the fervent devotion she inspired among soldiers and commanders alike. During the festival, Rome came alive with martial parades and pageantry, as soldiers bedecked in armor marched proudly through the streets, paying homage to the goddess who guided their military endeavors (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). 

    Gladiatorial contests were a prominent feature of the festivities, where combatants engaged in fierce battles, perhaps mirroring the very conflicts Bellona oversaw. The atmosphere crackled with anticipation as the Roman legions sought her divine blessings for victory in their impending battles. Elaborate sacrifices were made in Bellona’s honor, an integral part of the ritualistic proceedings. These offerings were symbolic gestures of gratitude and supplication, acknowledging the goddess’s role as the protector of Rome and its warriors (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). The Festival of Bellona was a vibrant celebration of martial valor and the enduring partnership between the Roman military and their fierce, unwavering patron deity (“Bellona (Goddess)”).

    The "Architect of the Capitol" by Constantino Brumidi, located in the Senate wing of the U.S. Capitol, depicts the Roman goddess of war watching over the entrance to the Military Affairs Committee's chamber.

    Source: Wikimedia Commons

    Legends associated with Bellona 

    Bellona, the formidable Roman goddess of war, maintains a unique and enduring place within the pantheon of Roman deities. Her association with the relentless forces of armed conflict is well-established, and the following section delves into rich insights into her origins and multifaceted character, further deepening our understanding of this powerful deity.

    Origin story

    Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, has an origin story that is shrouded in relative obscurity when compared to more extensively chronicled deities. Nonetheless, her significance within Roman culture as a patroness of war is unmistakable. Variations regarding her parentage add layers of complexity to her origin. In some accounts, Bellona is described as the daughter of Jupiter and Juno, elevating her status to divine lineage and aligning her with the highest gods of the Roman pantheon (“Bellona (Goddess)”). Alternatively, she is portrayed as a sister to Mars, the god of war, further emphasizing her role as a significant martial deity (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”).

    Despite the variations in her parentage, what remains constant is Bellona’s core identity as the goddess of war. This enduring aspect of her character underscores her integral place in Roman culture and religion as the embodiment of the relentless forces and unyielding determination that define armed conflict. Therefore, it is clear that Bellona is a powerful guardian and inspirer of Roman warriors, a role that has remained steadfast throughout the centuries.

    The painting entitled "The Origin of the Milky Way" was created by the renowned Italian late Renaissance artist Jacopo Tintoretto. It depicts the formation of the Milky Way, which is said to have been formed from the milk of Juno, Saturn's daughter, Jupiter's wife, and Bellona's mother. The milk from her right breast flows down towards the earth. In this painting, the infant Hercules, who is the offspring of an illicit relationship between Jupiter and the mortal Alcmene, is carried by Mercury but is angrily rejected by Juno.

    Source: Wikipedia

    The Battle of Lake Regillus

    The account of Bellona’s involvement in the Battle of Lake Regillus delves into the core of Roman military history, recounting a pivotal moment that solidified her reputation as a powerful guardian deity and an inspirational figure for Roman warriors. This legendary conflict, which occurred in the late 5th century BCE, is believed to have marked a turning point in the ongoing struggle between Rome and the Latins.

    According to the myth, as the Roman forces faced their formidable Latin adversaries on the battlefield, Bellona rode at the forefront of the Roman army (“Bellona – Roman Goddess of War”). Her presence was not merely symbolic; it was perceived as a tangible source of divine inspiration. Fueled by her unwavering support and protective aura, Roman soldiers exhibited unmatched courage and determination when faced with adversity (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). 

    The influence of Bellona on the outcome of the battle was profound. Her divine guidance led the Romans to a resounding victory over the Latins, securing Rome’s position as a dominant power in the region. This legend vividly illustrates Bellona’s role as a protective and empowering deity for Roman warriors, reinforcing her reputation as a guardian of Rome during times of conflict. Despite the mythical nature of this tale, it remains a testament to the deep-seated belief in the power of the divine to inspire and protect those in battle.

    This is an image of Bellona in silver battle attire, which includes armor, a helmet, and a shield with the visage of Medusa. The artwork is by the Dutch artist Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn.

    Source: Gallery Thane

    Bellona and Mars

    The tale of Bellona is one steeped in legend, and her relationship with Mars, the Roman god of war, adds depth to her character and highlights the intricate dynamics that underlie the concept of war within Roman mythology. Bellona and Mars were perceived as counterparts in Roman mythology, embodying Rome’s martial spirit. However, their dynamic could not have been more complex and characterized by cooperation and rivalry (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). 

    Various accounts and interpretations of their relationship exist in Roman mythology, each adding complexity to their story. Some narratives depict Bellona as the sister or even the consort of Mars, forging a close and intimate bond between them (“Bellona (Goddess)”). In this context, they were seen as complementary forces, with Bellona representing warfare’s fierce, unyielding nature alongside Mars. However, contrasting accounts present Bellona as a distinct and equally potent deity in her own right, emphasizing her independence and unique role as the goddess of war, separate from Mars. 

    Such ambiguity in their relationship underscores the multifaceted nature of war itself—a complex interplay of cooperation and rivalry, much like the deities who personify it. The legend of Bellona’s relationship with Mars emphasizes the complex, multifaceted nature of the fierce spirit that defined Roman culture. As a powerful guardian of Rome, Bellona’s role remains undeniable, and her interactions with Mars stand as a testament to the intricate dynamics that underlie the concept of war within Roman mythology.

    The artwork presented is titled "Bellona Presenting the Reins of his Horses to Mars" by Louis Lagrenée. Bellona is depicted wearing a blue cloak, while Mars is seen donning a red cape.

    Source: Princeton University of Art 

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Bellona 

    Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, illustrates a fascinating amalgamation of Roman and Greek influences, exemplifying the syncretic nature of Roman religious practices. Her characterization and attributes bear striking similarities to those of the Greek goddess Enyo, who, much like Bellona, was closely associated with the chaos and devastation of war. This syncretism between Bellona and Enyo showcases the Roman penchant for merging their beliefs with those of the Greeks, creating a complex interplay of deities and rituals within their religious framework (“Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?”). It reflects the Roman practice of identifying their gods and goddesses with corresponding Greek counterparts, resulting in shared characteristics and functions.

    In the case of Bellona and Enyo, their shared attributes as war deities underscore the universal nature of the martial spirit and the common cultural recognition of warfare’s destructive and tumultuous aspects (“Bellona (Goddess)”). This syncretic relationship highlights the interplay of different mythological traditions, enriching the pantheon of gods and goddesses and contributing to the multifaceted religious landscape of ancient Rome. It underscores how Roman religion evolved by blending indigenous beliefs and external influences, resulting in a complex and diverse belief system.

    Modern appearances 

    The veneration of Bellona may have dwindled over the centuries, yet her influence remains prevalent in modern culture, taking on various forms in contemporary art and literature. Bellona, often depicted as a potent symbol of war and conflict, is a testament to the enduring fascination with ancient mythology. In contemporary art, Bellona’s image frequently evokes war’s powerful and unyielding forces, reminding us of the timeless nature of conflict and the goddess who personified it (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). 

    Similarly, in literature, Bellona’s character and name are occasionally alluded to to convey the themes of destruction, war, and the indomitable spirit of warriors. As such, authors and poets use her symbolism to explore human conflict’s complex and timeless aspects. Ultimately, Bellona’s presence in modern culture is a conduit linking the ancient and contemporary worlds, embodying the enduring fascination with mythology and martial spirit. She remains a symbol that continues to resonate with artists and authors alike as they delve into war’s profound and enduring impact on human history and culture (“Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica”). 

    This artwork depicts Bellona summoning Mars to engage in battle by relinquishing control of her chariot, as rendered by Louis-Jean-Francios Lagrenee.

    Source: Sothebys

    Final thoughts

    Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, is a multifaceted and highly influential figure in the realm of Roman mythology. Although not as numerous as some of the other deities, her legends and stories elucidate her vital role as a protector and motivator of Roman soldiers. Her origin tale, intricately interwoven with her associations with other deities such as Mars, highlights the complex nature of her character. Bellona’s significance extends beyond her ancient worship, as glimpses of her presence can still be observed in contemporary cultural expressions. As a symbol of the enduring spirit of warfare, Bellona remains an integral part of the Roman mythological heritage, embodying the relentless force and unwavering determination that war necessitates.

    References

    “Bellona (Goddess).” Wikipedia, 9 Mar. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellona_(goddess).

    “Bellona – Roman Goddess of War.” The Vindolanda Trust, www.vindolanda.com/blog/bellona-roman-goddess-of-war.

    “Bellona | Encyclopedia Mythica.” Pantheon.org, pantheon.org/articles/b/bellona.html.

    “Bellona: Roman Goddess of War History & Beliefs | Who Was Bellona?” Study.com, 2023, study.com/academy/lesson/bellona-roman-goddess-war-history-beliefs.html.

  • Uksákká: The Door Wife

    Uksákká: The Door Wife

    Uksákká is a midwife deity whose role revolves around protection, specifically of the newborn babies she helps bring into the world in Sami culture. Her resilience and protective nature is often associated with a rowan tree, just one aspect of nature that Uksákká is connected to.

    Overview of Uksákká

    Uksákká is known as the Sami midwife and is the daughter of Máttaráhkká, known as The Mother. She and her two sisters, Juksákká and Sarahkka, work together with their mother to support the Sami women during childbirth and join in the journey of childbirth to ensure the safety of the babies. Uksákká specifically seeks out the interests of the newborn and is a natural protector and caretaker. She is known to be a deity who positions herself at entrances to be a protector, such as a door entrance, a tent entrance, or even the entrance of a cave. Uksákká is also associated with the rowan tree, which is seen as a tree of protection.

    A more modern version of a Sami tent.

    Source: Audley Travel

    Titles

    Uksákká is known as the goddess of midwifery and the goddess of birth. She is also known as “The Lady next door” or guardian or the door—which is a reference to her being stationed at doors or tent entrances. Different spelling variations include Uks-Akka, Uksahkka and Uksákká. 

    Abilities

    Uksákká’s role in the process of children entering the world was to protect, which involves protecting both the mother and children. She welcomes newborns into the world and sees that they are safe from harm and illness. Uksákká lives by entrances to bless all who enter and leave. She is thought to be the protector of tents and doors, including protector of animal habitats like cave entrances and bird nests. 

    Uksákká is associated with the rowan tree, which is a tree of protection. The tree is deep in folklore and has many different names. For example, it is seen in Norse, Scandinavian and British folklore. The berries on the rowan tree have a pentagon opposite its stalk. The pentagon is a sign of protection and is an ancient protective symbol. The color of the berries, red, also symbolized protection, for red was thought to be associated with it. Rowan tree branches and twigs were carried around to ward off harm and evil spirits.

    The branches and red berries of a rowan tree.

    Source: Trees for Life

    Traits

    In Sami shamanism, the generalized female spirit is called akka. Máttaráhkká is thought of as the first akka. Women and girls belong to here and her akka spirit, and boys do as well until they reach the point of manhood. Worshiping akka is common practice in forms of rituals, prayers and sacrifices. Uksákká and her sisters are also akkas. Juksákká is the goddess of boys and men and goddess of hunting and Uksákká is protector of children. All sisters have “akka” following their names. Uksákká and her mother and sisters live under the earth under the tents (Kota) of women and children, but Uksákká is thought to live by the tent entrance. 

    The symbol for akka.

    Source: GodChecker

    History of Sami mythology

    In the 1970s, the Sami feminist movement began to open discussion for women’s roles in society and to redefine their roles as they once were when the deities were a major part of Sami culture. The arrival of modern society and Christianity made the Sami women lose their power in Sami society.  The movement began with women reindeer herders wanting the same rights and respect as the male reindeer herders. Not all Sami women were on board with the idea of feminism because they thought it made women the victims.

    Sami, also spelt Saami, is the population of people who inhabit the region of Sapmi, which is  comprised of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Sami is its own language and is part of the Uralic language linguistic group. Other languages in this group include Finnish and Hungarian. The Sami people are descendants of nomadic communities who lived in northern Scandinavia for thousands of years. Reindeer herding, sheep herding, fishing and fur trapping are a few livelihoods the Sami are known for.

    Traditional Sami religion and spiritual practices are considered to be animism—the belief that all naturalistic objects possess a soul. Examples can include rocks, plants, animals, and anything in the natural world. The Sami religion and beliefs can vary slightly from region to region, but the main deities of the Sami culture remain mostly the name, even though some may have different names for the same deity. 

    Sami people in traditional dress.

    Source: ThorNews

    Unfortunately, very little of Sami religion and mythology has been translated into English. In the 1800s, a Luther pastor named Levi Laestadius collected some fragments of this mythology, but it was poorly translated and weak explanations for lost historical resources. The Kalevala is a written book that focused on Finnish mythology, but also spoke of deities that were similar to the ones in Sami culture. 

    Influences of other religions/cultures 

    The presence of Christainty in Sami culture was active during the Roman Catholic middle ages, but the 17th century is when Norway and Sweden colonized Sami and Christianity was a main focus. In the kingdom of Denmark-Norway, the practicing of Sami religion resulted in a death penalty, for it was thought of as witchcraft. A Chrisitan mission was enacted in the 17th century to convert the Sami people to Christianity. During this period, the Sami people practiced Christianity in public, but in private, still continued their Sami religion. 

    Before Christinaity, women in Sami culture had higher regards in society because they were seen as the primary caregiver of the family and the one responsible for the family’s survival. Uksákká and the many other female deities contributed to the idea that Sami women were well-respected in society and were mainly equal to men, especially since Uksákká was seen as a protector. However, once the ideas of Christianity reached the Sami people, this ideology changed.

    Modern appearances

    In the Thor comics, Uksákká and her sisters make minor appearances, otherwise, the modern appearance of Uksákká is limited. If you have more information or legends that you can share, please do reach out!

    Final thoughts

    Uksákká and her family members all have roles that align, but Uksákká’s role establishes the well-being and growth of a child after the birthing process is finished. She continues to be of help and looks out for the Sami people as she blesses those at the entrance of a door. Her protective nature as a female deity establishes the power of female culture in Sami society before the rise of Christianity and as a way to look back in history to see how past cultures operated. 

    Sources

    Chalquist

    Britannica

    Owlcation

    Stand.ie

    University of Texas- Women in Saami Society 

    GodChecker 

    ​​Blogspot 

    Patheos 

    Trees for Life 

  • Yemaja: The Goddess of the Seas

    Yemaja: The Goddess of the Seas

    Yemaja stands as a mighty figure towering over crashing waves. She wears a long flowing skirt, lots of precious jewelry, and exudes power.

    Source: Original Botanica 

    Yemaja, the patron of the society of mothers and pregnant women, is one of the main orisha, or deities, from the Yoruba religious tradition. Yoruba is related to Santería, an Afro-Caribbean religion, but the reaches of Yoruba and the orisha stretch far beyond the African continent. 

    The two main themes of Yemaja are her connection to the rivers and seas, which make up her ruling domain, and her association to pregnancies and mothers. Because she is the orisha for both rivers/seas and pregnancy, Yemaja is deeply affiliated with the creation of life. In fact, she has been compared to amniotic fluid, the liquid that keeps unborn infants alive in their mothers’ wombs, which is an intersection between her two domains of seas and pregnancies. 

    Overview

    Yemaja is shown as a mermaid with her stomach cut open. Seven orisha children are crawling out of her stomach.

    Source: Journey to the Goddess 

    Yemaja is also spelled Yemaya, Yemoja, Yemonja, or Yemanja depending on the region.

    She is the ruler of the lively part of the oceans, or the shallower areas that are teeming with life and energy, as well as the Ogun River. She works closely with Olokun, the goddess of the deep sea who rules the deeper, more mysterious ocean waters. Yemaja is associated with many other orisha as well, with different stories portraying different figures (such as Obatala, Okere, Orisha Okok and Erinle) as her husband. 

    Her name means “Mother Whose Children are the Fish” and reflects her deeply maternal nature. Just as water is often believed to be the beginning of all life, so too is Yemaja. She is the patron of the Gelede Society, or the society of mothers and pregnant women. She is also associated with fertility, and some cultures believe she can cure infertility. An expression of her maternal nature is the many children—some she birthed and some she raised— she has within the many Yoruban legends, including Ogun, Sango, Oya, Oba, Orisha Oko, Babaluaiye, Osooi, Dada, and the Ibeji twins. 

    Yemaja is associated with other themes as well. In addition to the rivers/seas and mothers/pregnancies, Yemaja is connected with the ocean’s tides and, through the tides, the moon. Also, because of her revered position as one of the most senior and important orisha, Yemaja is believed to be very wise; many people seek out her guidance. Part of this guidance and wisdom is extended to human creativity, which is fitting as she is such a large part of creation. 

    Titles

    –       The Owner of the Seas

    –       The Mother of All

    –       Ocean Mother Goddess 

    Abilities

    As the goddess of rivers and seas, Yemaja can exhibit control over water, including both large bodies of water and storm systems. She can even call upon and control hurricanes and Tsunamis. 

    As mentioned previously, many people believe Yemaja can cure infertility and bring children to women who wish to become mothers. She can also heal emotional wounds and cleanse energies, people, and spaces. 

    One of Yemaja’s other abilities is that of divination and reading of sacred scriptures. Though this process was originally banned from her as women, even female orisha, were not allowed to practice them. However, once Yemaja learned (stories suggest she spied upon her husband Orula to learn), her divination skills were so impressive that her husband accepted her ability and allowed her to practice. Some other stories say she stole the ability to read the sacred scriptures and to perform divinations and then taught the other Orisha. 

    Characteristics

    Yemaja is wearing her symbolic blue skirts and is draped in dozens of necklaces filled with pearls and beads.

    Source: Pinterest 

    Legends and depictions of Yemaja always present her as a woman of color, which reflects her origins in the Yoruban religion and her African descent. Her breasts can be elongated and low hanging, which represents her maternal role in raising and breastfeeding her many children. In fact, her long breasts are an insecurity of hers that others have poked fun at in various stories. 

    She is often seen wearing long dresses with flowing skirts in her symbolic colors of blue and white. Many details of her clothing and accessories are found in groups of seven—which is her symbolic number due to the seven seas—such as her necklaces alternating colors every seven beads or her skirts having seven layers of blue and white fabric. In times of war and bloodshed, Yemaja carries a machete into battle to protect her children. 

    Yemaja can also be depicted as a mermaid.

    Traits

    Yemaja is deeply maternal; just as she is protective and loving with her orisha children in the Yoruban stories, she is protective and loving over the humans she cares for as well. She is very soothing and nurturing, but much like the seas—which are temperamental—there is a duality to her. Though she is constant, she is also ever-changing; though she is gentle, she is also violent. When her temper flares, she intimidates and even menaces the recipients of her anger. Her soft side, however, can be presented with hobbies such as dancing. 

    Symbols

    Yemaja’s symbolic animals include ducks, vultures, snakes, snails, fish, and peacocks. In fact, pieces of these animals, such as peacock feathers, fish scales, and seashells, are very important to her. Cowrie shells in particular are valuable to Yemaja both in legends and in human rituals. These items are often placed on shrines built in her honor. These shrines, called ota, are also decorated with sacred stones and bowls of river water, as well as other symbols of the sea such as nets and boat sculptures.

    Other important symbols for Yemaja include the number seven, Saturday, the moon, and the colors blue and white. 

    A drawing of Yemaja in the ocean with her symbols of peacock feathers, seashells, and fish.

    Source: About Santeria

    Festivals and rituals 

    Rituals can help people reach Yemaja for guidance. Generally, individuals who want to pray to her will offer some symbolic items, such as those found on her ota, while lighting candles and meditating. During these meditation rituals, people can focus their energy into sending their thoughts and desires to Yemaja. One specific method is to make a ritual bath in order to perform the meditation. The use of items in groups of seven—such as seven candles or seven drops of fragrance—help deepen the connection with Yemaja.

    Another ritual focuses more on offering up symbolic items. One way is to create a boat offering, which is typically used when women have issues with fertility or when individuals are asking for guidance, inspiration, or protection. To complete this ritual, you place items of significance to Yemaja on a boat, as well as your written requests, and recite a prayer. For example, as the goddess of the seas, Yemaja is invoked by fishermen to improve their luck and increase their catches.

    People can also throw group celebrations for Yemaja that include dancing, sacrifices, and more. Children play games such as dunking for candy in the shape of fish, and whoever wins the game is said to earn more of Yemaja’s good luck. 

    A small statue of Yemaja is surrounded by seashells.

    Source: Inked Goddess Creations 

    Legends Associated with Yemaja

    While there are some discrepancies among legends about Yemaja’s origin, the stories about how she ends and births the other orisha are agreed upon. 

    Origin story 

    There are two possible beginnings for Yemaja. In one, as one of the daughters of Olodumare or Olofi, (the names for the Yorban Creator of the Universe), Yemaja was sent to Earth with sixteen of her fellow orisha before the creation of humans. Once they arrived, the orisha prepped the world for humans. In the other, Yemaja is the daughter of a demi-god figure named Obatala and his wife. She and her sibling, Aganyu, later had a son together. 

    Another important aspect of Yemaja’s story is that she was once only a river goddess; however, as her believers were sold into slavery, she decided to follow and protect them in their travels across the ocean. Through this action, she became the goddess of the oceans and seas in addition to the rivers.

    Yemaja’s death and the creation of life

    While details of Yemaja’s origin story are less known, her death tale is a notoriously sad one. Her son, in an act intended to rebel against his father, raped his mother. Afterward, Yemaja hid atop a tall mountain and cursed her son for his violent actions and betrayal. Consumed with pain and sadness, Yemaja jumped off of the mountain and took her own life. 

    In her death, Yemaja became the Mother of All by giving birth to 14 orisha. When her water broke for these births, the liquid that flowed from her body created the seven seas. Some versions of the legend even say humans were also born from her body, truly making her the Mother of All. 

    Yemaja and Olokun

    Once, when Yemaja’s fellow orisha Olokun felt undervalued by the humans, Olokun created massive Tsunami-like waves to punish them for their disrespect. The humans feared for their lives and their land. 

    Yemaja, the nurturing Mother of All, convinced Olokun to stop sending the waves and to calm down. Once Olokun calmed, the water returned to the oceans. Beautiful shells, pearls, and pieces of coral remained on the land, and Yemaja saved the humans from Olokun’s wrath. 

    Yemaja and the seashell

    According to legend, Yemaja gave humanity a seashell in which people could always hear her voice; to this day, people still hear the sound of the ocean and of Yemaja when they hold a seashell to their ear. 

    Yemaja as the Mother Goddess

    The myth of the Great Goddess supports the idea that a goddess of fertility was worshiped as far back as the Neolithic era. In different and more recent religions and regions, such as those of Mesomerica, Greece, and Rome, another goddess appears to be the start of the religions and the birth giver of other deities. 

    For example, in Ancient Greek mythology, one of the Great Goddess figures is Rhea, a Titan goddess who birthed several of the Olympian Gods/Goddesses that are the foundation for Ancient Greek mythology. Yemaja fits this Great Goddess theory as well and shares many similarities to Rhea as she too is a “mother” of most of the other orisha. 

    Another powerful presentation of Yemaja in which she wears a seashell crown, many necklaces, and a flowing blue skirt.

    Source: Healing with Joy 

    Influences of Other Religions and Cultures

    Some of the different spellings of Yemaja are associated with different cultures’ versions of her. For example, to the Brazilian Candomblé faith, which has roots in Yoruba, Yemaja is known as Yemanja/Imanje, and she is the Sea Mother who helps fishermen prosper. Another group in Brazil calls her Yemanja Afodo, and she protects boats in their travels. To groups in Haiti, Yemaja is a moon goddess who protects mothers and children. 

    When believers of the Yoruban tradition were taken as slaves, their religious beliefs were banned, and they were forced to convert to Catholicism. To practice their faith in secret, believers syncretized their deities with prominent figures in Christianity. Therefore, Yemaja is not just compared to the Virgin Mary; she was syncretized with her. Both are prominent maternal figures who gave birth to very important religious beings in their separate belief systems. 

    Modern appearances

    Many cultures and regions still celebrate and revere both Yemaja and the other orisha deities. In addition to parts of Africa, places such as Brazil, Cuba, America, and other parts of the Caribbean still have strong Yoruban followings. For example, the Candomblé faith has celebrated Yemaja as Yemanja on New Years Eve for almost 100 years. Other areas still build ota for her. 

    Final Thoughts 

    Yemaja is a strong, powerful, nurturing, and fierce female figure that presents the duality that can be found in all of humanity, particularly within women. She reigns over the rivers and seas that are filled with life and energy, making her and Olokun two sides of the same coin. She also is the patron of mothers, pregnances, fishermen, and any lost soul seeking love and protection. As she is credited with the birth and creation of many of the other orisha in the Yoruban faith, Yemaja is a great and respected deity that is sought out by humans for her wisdom and creativity. She is still widely renowned in contemporary times as people continue to look to her for inspiration as they move throughout their lives.

    Resources

    About Santeria

    Britannica 

    Culture Bay 

    Goddess Gift 

    Journeying to the Goddess

    Original Botanica 

    Symbol Sage 

    Teen Vogue   

    Wikipedia 

  • Eos: The Goddess of Dawn 

    Eos: The Goddess of Dawn 

    In Greek mythology, the figure of Eos shines as a luminous embodiment of the ethereal realm of dawn. As the Goddess of Dawn, Eos holds a special place in the pantheon, encapsulating the transition from night to day and ushering in the radiant glow that heralds the new morning. Eos stands as a symbol of the celestial and earthly spheres, representing the awe-inspiring power of the natural world and the mysteries that lie beyond our understanding. Her mythic presence continues to inspire awe and wonder in those who delve into the ancient stories of the gods and goddesses of Greece.

    Overview of Eos 

    The name “Eos” can be traced back to the Mycenaean period, approximately between 1600-1100 BCE, wherein it was used to signify “dawn” in ancient Greek. As the offspring of Hyperion, the Titan of light, and Theia, the goddess of sight, Eos holds a crucial role in the divine order of the cosmos (“Eos”). As the sun rises, Eos emerges to announce its arrival every morning, painting the heavens with rosy-fingered light. Radiant and captivating, she embodies the very essence of dawn, capturing the delicate moments of early morning through tender strokes of light, symbolizing the transition from night to day. Eos’s presence elegantly intertwines both the celestial and earthly realms, making her an essential and captivating figure in the tapestry of mythological narratives.This painting depicts the goddess Eos in a baby blue flowy dress, bringing light to the heavens and earth as she floats above the world with a baby under her arms.

    Source: The Eclectic Light Company

    Titles

    • Queen of the Heavens 
    • Rosy-Fingered Dawn 
    • Sky Goddess 

    Abilities

    Eos is characterized by a captivating allure that is enriched by a multitude of remarkable abilities. Amongst these gifts is her noteworthy capacity to awaken the world with the radiant force of her presence (“Eos”), which stands out as the most awe-inspiring. As her rosy fingers gently unfurl across the horizon, the enshrouding cloak of night gives way to the luminous brilliance of dawn. This exquisite transition orchestrated by Eos infuses the world with a renewed vitality emblematic of her life-affirming energy. Eos’s remarkable capacity to renew and refresh the earth is a profound testament to her life-giving energy, vividly representing the cyclical nature of beginnings (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). In this way, she becomes a harbinger of renewal and a beacon of optimism, capturing the essence of the human desire for fresh beginnings.

    Characteristics

    The goddess Eos is renowned for her striking physical appearance, which befits her role as the bringer of light: her radiance and resplendence symbolize dawn itself (Wikipedia Contributors). In works of art, Eos is often depicted as a youthful winged woman, walking briskly with youth in her arms or rising from the sea in a chariot drawn by winged horses. As the goddess who dispenses the dew of the morning, she is sometimes portrayed with a pitcher in each hand. Eos’s gracefulness mirrors the gentle dance of morning, an ethereal ballet that unfurls with each new day. Her luminous visage is a testament to her dual nature, which embodies the balance between darkness and light – powerful yet gentle, fierce yet delicate (“Eos”).This is an illustration of Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn, depicted with wings and wearing a white and brown dress, flying at night. A baby accompanies her, and Eos holds a red, flowing scarf above her head.

    Source: Greek Legends and Myths 

    Traits

    The deity Eos is highly revered for her symbolic representation of dawn, which encompasses a delicate equilibrium of ardor and benevolence, thereby defining her divine essence (Miate). Her genuine ardency for each new day is seamlessly interwoven into her empathetic nature, extending to the world she roused from slumber (“Eos”). The compassionate spirit of Eos is exemplified in her remarkable ability to infuse the realm with hope and renewal, a sentiment that resonates deeply with her affinity for the dawn’s life-giving energy (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). The optimism and kindness that radiate from Eos’s being are palpable, symbolizing the anticipation and sense of renewal accompanying the beginning of a fresh day. Overall, Eos’s attributes perfectly embody the hope and renewal that every dawn brings.

    Symbols

    The various symbolic elements encapsulating Eos’s essence transcend the tangible realm. One such element is the tender touch of dawn’s rosy fingers, which embodies her gentle caress and marks her arrival (Miate). This delicate gesture paints the sky with shades of pink and gold, becoming a tangible manifestation of Eos’s embrace, heralding the arrival of each new day. 

    Another symbol that epitomizes Eos’s celestial journey is her radiant golden chariot, a luminous vessel that carries her across the expanse of the sky (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). This symbol underscores her connection to the heavens and represents her pivotal role in transitioning from night to day. The morning star, preceding her appearance, stands as a beacon of her imminent arrival, casting a guiding light on her path (Miate). Intertwined with her persona, these symbols collectively convey her profound significance in weaving the daily tapestry of existence, emphasizing her vital role in the cyclical rhythms of life.In this illustration, Eos rides on a golden chariot pulled by two brown and white horses. Eagles and cherubic babies fly alongside Eos as they soar through the sky.

    Festivals and Rituals

    The annual “Aurora Rites” festival is the most prominent celebration of the goddess Aurora and her life-bestowing powers (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). These ceremonies are conducted at sunrise and serve as a tangible tribute to the goddess of dawn herself. The symphony of traditions woven into the “Aurora Rites” often includes fruits and flowers as tokens of gratitude for the gift of a new day (Wikipedia Contributors). This symbolic gesture is also a heartfelt plea for Eos’s blessings to shower upon life with abundance and vitality (“Eos”). Through these moments of devotion, humanity forges an intimate connection with the divine energy that Eos personifies and melds the celestial and the terrestrial in a harmonious union. As mortals participate in these sacred rituals, they dialogue with the radiant goddess, uniting their existence with her eternal cycle of renewal and hope.
    The image depicts Aurora seated in her chariot, wearing a blue silk dress.

    Source: The Aurora Zone

    Legends associated with Eos 

    Eos has been a source of fascination and inspiration for countless generations. Her enigmatic character and profound significance have given rise to numerous captivating legends transcending temporal and cultural boundaries, capturing humanity’s enduring fascination with the celestial and the divine. As the embodiment of dawn’s gentle embrace, Eos’s aura continues to captivate the imaginations of people across the ages, breathing life into myths that persistently resonate with our collective consciousness.

    Origin story

    The genesis of Eos, the revered goddess of dawn, is deeply enmeshed within the genealogy of the Titans, the ancient and formidable beings who laid the very foundations of the cosmos. According to Greek mythology, Eos rises as the treasured offspring of two distinguished Titans: Hyperion, the divine embodiment of light, and Theia, the goddess associated with sight and clear vision. This exalted lineage endows Eos with a cosmic significance that is unparalleled, as she serves as a bridge that connects the earthly realm with the ethereal dimensions (Wikipedia Contributors). As the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, Eos inherits her father’s radiant qualities and her mother’s sagacity. Her birth marks a celestial moment of divine harmony, where light and vision intersect to create the luminous and beguiling goddess of dawn. The mythos of Eos is a testament to the grandeur of Greek mythology and the enduring legacy of the Titans.

    In this illustration, Theia, the goddess of sight, is flying above Hyperion, who is hunched over a staircase.

    Source: Vpics

    The Tragic Tale of Eos and Tithonus: A Story of Immortal Aging

    The ancient myth of Eos and Tithonus is a captivating tale that delves into the intricate interplay between mortal desires, divine interventions, and the complexities of eternal life. Eos, the Greek Goddess of the Dawn, was captivated by the mortal prince Tithonus’s unparalleled beauty and spirit. Her infatuation with him led her to beg Zeus, the king of gods, for an extraordinary boon: the gift of eternal life for Tithonus (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). However, Eos’s passionate plea contained a subtle oversight: she forgot to request eternal youth for her beloved. This overlooked detail held profound consequences, as Zeus granted Eos’s wish by conferring Tithonus with the gift of immortality while neglecting to halt the aging process (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). As a result, Tithonus became an immortal figure trapped in an aging, decaying body, unable to escape the passage of time. This myth serves as a poignant reminder of the potential pitfalls that can arise from leaving requests incomplete and failing to exercise caution when pursuing one’s desires. It also highlights how love can obscure one’s ability to make sound judgments.
    This is an illustration of Eos wearing a teal robe and looking down at Tithonus, who is wearing a red robe.

    Source: Reflection and Choice

    The Tragic Myth of Orion and Eos: A Tale of Love and Loss

    The myth of Orion and Eos is a captivating story that explores the intricacies of desire, choice, and the enduring power of love. Orion, a mortal hunter renowned for his exceptional hunting prowess and magnetic presence (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”), became the object of Eos’s fascination. Entranced by his striking beauty and consumed by an overwhelming infatuation that compelled her to pursue him relentlessly, she establishes a romantic bond with the mortal hunter. 

    However, the celestial sphere often intervenes in mortals’ affairs; in this case, Artemis, the goddess of the hunt and Orion’s protector emerged as a pivotal figure. She orchestrated a plan to safeguard him, arranging a situation where Eos unknowingly shot an arrow at Orion while swimming in the sea, resulting in his tragic demise. Grief-stricken by the loss of her beloved, Eos sought solace in Zeus, imploring him to honor Orion’s memory by placing him among the stars as a constellation (Miate). This tragic tale illustrates the power of love and the enduring nature of memory, even in the face of significant loss. 

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Eos 

    The multifaceted essence of Eos has transcended cultural boundaries, leading to her recognition and integration into diverse belief systems. In Roman mythology, Eos finds a counterpart in the goddess Aurora, seamlessly intertwining Greek and Roman interpretations of dawn (Wikipedia Contributors). This syncretic approach demonstrates Roman culture’s influence on Eos’s perception and significance, reflecting her ability to transcend conventional confines.

    Aurora inherits Eos’s role as the harbinger of dawn in Roman mythology, embodying the same luminous qualities and captivating attributes (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). This blending of mythological identities highlights the shared reverence for the celestial phenomenon of dawn across cultures. The harmonious fusion of Eos and Aurora underscores this luminous figure’s enduring appeal and adaptability to varying cultural contexts (“Eos”).

    The recognition of Eos in Roman mythology reimagined as Aurora showcases her capacity to transcend traditional boundaries and adapt to the evolving narratives of different cultures (4). Eos’s universal significance as a goddess of dawn is reaffirmed through this syncretism, attesting to the enduring allure and cross-cultural resonance of her luminous persona.

    Modern appearances 

    The enduring influence of Eos can be observed in various mediums, from literature to technology. Her vibrant imagery and enchanting aura are sources of inspiration, encapsulating the essence of fresh beginnings and the promise of a new day (“Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn”). Artistic renditions often depict her delicate touch igniting the sky’s hues, forging a poignant connection to the beauty of the natural world. 

    Interestingly, the term “EOS” has a new connotation in technology, denoting the “end of sequence” in DNA sequencing (Wikipedia Contributors). This modern adaptation underscores her role as a symbol of transition, mirroring the cyclical rhythms of dawn that she personifies. The convergence of Eos’s presence in various mediums attests to her enduring relevance and capacity to transcend temporal boundaries.

    The beautiful illustration depicts Eos donning a stunning white robe-like dress in a picturesque setting surrounded by vibrant flowers and vast fields overlooking the sea. Her crimson wings contrast her attire, and she holds a pitcher, which she uses to water the flowers beneath her.

    Source: Wikipedia

    Final thoughts

    The goddess of dawn emerges as a complex embodiment of celestial forces and human emotions. Her legends interweave themes of love, devotion, and the cyclical rhythms of nature. Eos’s influence resonates across cultures and periods, from her origin story as a Titan’s daughter to her role in tales of undying love and passion. As her radiant fingers stretch across the heavens, Eos encapsulates the boundless beauty of new beginnings and the eternal dance of light and darkness. Her enduring allure serves as a poignant reminder of humanity’s connection to the cosmos and the profound impact of mythology on our understanding of the world.

    References 

    “Eos.” Mythopedia, mythopedia.com/topics/eos.

    “Eos, Greek Goddess of the Dawn.” Study.com, 2023, study.com/learn/lesson/eos-greek-goddess-dawn-mythology-facts-family.html.

    Miate, Liana. “Eos.” World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Eos/.

    Wikipedia Contributors. “Eos.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Mar. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos.

  • Sulis: Goddess of Healing Waters

    Sulis: Goddess of Healing Waters

    The goddess Sulis creates a special legacy from the sacred springs of Bath, England, to modern domains like gaming, fashion, and spirituality. Through her stories, intriguing connections between her etymological roots and her potential role as a Celtic solar deity.

    Nestled a hundred miles beyond the bustling heart of London, a remarkable tale unfolds around the age-old natural springs of Sulis. For over seven millennia, these pristine waters remained hidden, a secret guarded by time itself, until the Romans chanced upon their sacred embrace. What followed was a captivating journey of ritual, wish magic, camaraderie, and profound healing.

    Overview of Sulis

    Source: Honest Myth 

    Goddess Sulis is a deity from ancient Celtic mythology, primarily associated with the thermal springs in the city of Bath, England. Her worship was centered around the healing and sacred qualities of these natural hot springs, which were believed to have therapeutic properties.

    The temple complex was constructed around the natural hot springs, and it served as a hub for religious worship. Pilgrims and worshippers would visit the temple seeking Sulis’s blessings for their well-being. These thermal springs were believed to possess mystical healing powers, making them a popular destination for individuals seeking relief. The worship of Sulis Minerva and the use of the thermal springs continued for centuries.

    Titles

    • P​rovider of Healing Waters
    • Minerva
    • G​oddess of City, Handcrafts, and Architecture

    Abilities

    Goddess Sulis’s abilities include water, healing, the sun, blessings, wishes, community, and offerings. As the overseer of sacred wells and springs, Sulis wields the remarkable ability to bestow healing and blessings upon those who seek her favor. Sulis’s influence extends beyond individual healing and blessings. She presides over matters of community and interpersonal relationships. Her presence encourages communal gatherings and interactions. Devotees turn to Sulis with their desires and wishes, recognizing her ability to grant their aspirations.

    Sulis’s association with the sun further amplifies her divine influence. This solar aspect of her nature underscores her ability to bring warmth, light, and vitality into the lives of those who worship her. The sun’s rays are often interpreted as conduits for her blessings and guidance. Sulis’s enduring legacy is etched into the sacred wells, healing springs, and cultural practices that continue to honor her in the modern world.

    Characteristics

    Specific physical characteristics of Goddess Sulis vary depending on artistic depictions and cultural interpretations. It’s important to note that the descriptions provided here are based on common themes and artistic conventions associated with Sulis.

    In many depictions, Goddess Sulis is often depicted wearing a helmet. This helmet symbolizes wisdom, protection, and strategic prowess. She might also be seen carrying a spear or a shield, further emphasizing her protective and warrior-like attributes.While her appearance can vary, a serene and composed expression often characterizes depictions of Goddess Sulis. This demeanor reflects her role as a source of calm, healing, and wisdom. Her gaze might convey a sense of understanding and compassion.

    Given her dominion over sacred wells and springs, Sulis might be portrayed near or immersed in water. Her connection to water is a central aspect of her identity. In some depictions, she may be shown holding a vessel or a bowl, representing the waters under her control. Sulis’s association with ever-burning fires in her temples underscores her solar attributes.

    Source: Journeying to the Goddess 

    As a result of the syncretism between Celtic and Roman beliefs, depictions of Sulis often blend elements from both cultures. This fusion might include elements like Celtic knotwork, Roman drapery, and the aforementioned helmet and weaponry.

    It’s worth noting that depictions of Sulis might also have regional variations, influenced by the artistic styles of different time periods and cultures. Over time, artistic interpretations may have evolved, resulting in variations in her physical attributes and attire.

    Traits

    At the core of Sulis’s personality is her nurturing and compassionate nature. Her compassion extends to individuals seeking guidance, support, and emotional healing. Her ability to both curse and cure reflects her role as a guardian of moral order within the community.

    With her connection to warfare symbols like the helmet, spear, and shield, Goddess Sulis exhibits a protective and strong aspect. This protective quality is not only physical but extends to safeguarding emotional well-being and guiding individuals through life’s challenges. Sulis’s personality is characterized by a dualistic complexity. This duality is reflected in her ability to both heal and curse. She reflects diverse roles as a deity of healing, blessings, and communal well-being.

    Symbols

    Water is perhaps the most prominent and central symbol associated with Goddess Sulis. Water symbolizes her role as a source of physical and spiritual healing. Wheat cakes serve as a symbolic offering to Goddess Sulis. Fire is another significant symbol connected to Goddess Sulis. The ever-burning fires within her temples symbolize her eternal presence and her solar attributes. These fires represent the light and warmth she brings to the lives of her devotees.

    The name “Aquae Sulis,” meaning “the Waters of Sulis,” is itself a powerful symbol of her influence. This name was given to the Roman bath complex built around her sacred spring in Bath, England. It not only highlights her association with water but also emphasizes her role as a deity with the ability to bestow healing and blessings through the waters she governs. The references to Sulis reaching as far as Germany highlight her significance beyond geographical boundaries. The act of pilgrims coming from mainland Europe to bathe in the healing waters of Aquae Sulis symbolizes her universal appeal and her role to bring union.

    Source: Ancient Origins 

    Water, wheat cakes, fire, the name Aquae Sulis, and the healing spring collectively encapsulate her influence and the profound impact she has had on those who seek her blessings and guidance.

    Festivals and Rituals

    The Festival of Sulis is a vibrant and captivating event that recognizes the history and legacy of Goddess Sulis. This festival is held in Bath, England at the site of her hot springs. This day is for peace and connection with this Goddess and her famous waters.

    During the Festival of Sulis, attendees have the opportunity to engage in rituals that honor the goddess’s attributes. Participants are encouraged to immerse themselves in the healing waters. This act of immersion is not merely a physical experience but also a symbolic one, signifying a union between the individual and the divine.

    The Festival of Sulis is not only a celebration of the goddess but also a celebration of community. Attendees come together from diverse backgrounds, united by their shared reverence for Sulis. This communal gathering mirrors the historical pilgrimages made to Sulis’s sacred springs, emphasizing the unifying power of her presence. The Festival of Sulis captures the essence of the goddess’s influence and the enduring appeal of her healing waters. Through rituals, relaxation, and communal bonding, attendees not only celebrate Sulis’s legacy.

    Legends Associated with Sulis

    This Goddess of water tales unfolds within the sacred waters of Bath. Her healing waters have inspired tales of blessings, curses, and the timeless connection between humanity and the divine.

    Origin story

    Source: On a Journey Back to Her Wings 

    The origin story of Goddess Sulis intertwines with the healing springs, ancient rituals, and the merging of cultures at the revered site of Bath. Dating back over 10,000 years, the mineral-rich hot springs were first embraced by Neolithic communities seeking solace in the waters. When the Celts arrived around 700 BCE, Sulis’s presence seemingly filled the springs. Thus, starting the original shrines of honor.

    As the Celts honored the sun on Beltane, May 1, their fire-festival became a fervent tribute to Sulis, aligning her with the radiant energies of the sun. The Celts recognized her embodiment of solar energy. They started to view her as a light that brought them day and guided their paths. 

    In the sanctified realm of Aquae Sulis, priestesses tended to Sulis’s sacred flame, an eternal beacon symbolizing her enduring power and influence. This perpetual fire mirrored her origins as a Sun Goddess, evoking the life-giving energy of the sun that sustains all living things. It was within the embrace of these warm waters and the glow of her eternal flame that Sulis’s connection to healing, prophecy, and blessings flourished.

    The Cursed Tablets

    In the heart of Bath, a series of thefts had cast a shadow of fear and unrest. It was then that the curse tablets, inscribed with entreaties to the formidable Sulis, began to appear at the edge of the sacred spring. Each tablet, etched with the intricate plea of a wronged soul, sought to summon the wrath of the goddess upon those who dared to steal.

    Source: Ancient Origins 

    With a single nod of her regal head, the curse tablets came to life, their wishes binding the thieves in a web of misfortune. Sleep eluded them, their health waned, and their stolen gains proved heavy burdens. Every stolen item became a weight upon their conscience, a debt owed to the goddess herself. Within the depths of the sacred spring, Goddess Sulis had answered the pleas of the wronged and restored balance to the realm.

    Sulis in the Stars

    Sulis’s name carried the melody of the sun itself, a radiant symphony that danced through the ages. But Sulis was no ordinary deity; she was a guardian of light, a weaver of justice, and a beloved figure whose presence warmed the hearts of all who knew her. As the seasons turned and the sun painted patterns across the sky, whispers of a deeper connection began to unfurl.

    Scholars and seers gathered under the shade of ancient trees, their scrolls unfurled like wings of curiosity. They unraveled Sulis’s name, a treasure trove of meaning and potential. “Sulis,” they mused, “the very embodiment of light.”

    Source: My God pictures 

    Guided by this celestial breadcrumb, the scholars embarked on a journey of exploration. The clues were scattered like stars in the night sky—Sulis’s affinity for sight, her role in civic law, and the shimmering epithets that spoke of radiance. As these threads were put together, a portrait emerged: Sulis, a solar deity, a figure of luminous power.

    Influences of other Religions/ Cultures on Sulis

    Sulis is a unique deity resulting from two different culture’s traditions. The Romans, known for assimilating local deities with their own, identified Sulis with their goddess Minerva, who was the goddess of wisdom, art, trade, and strategy. This blending of Celtic and Roman beliefs reflects the way ancient cultures often interconnected their gods and beliefs.

    Modern Appearances

    A​ game called ‘Sulis: The RPG Adventure was created in Sulis’s honor. This game is an immersive Role Playing Game (RPG) that beckons adventurers to embark on a journey of tactical combat and engrossing storytelling. As the sun-kissed goddess herself watches over, players navigate turn-based battles, crafting their destiny with each strategic move.

    Source: Git Hub 

    Beyond the realm of digital adventures, the brand Sulis Silks brings a touch of ethereal allure to modern fashion. In the delicate artistry of lingerie, Sulis weaves threads of elegance and sophistication, offering male and female styles. In the modern era, the spirit of Sulis finds a haven among modern-day worshipers, particularly within the Wiccan and Pagan communities. Drawn by her healing and transformative energies, these individuals continue to honor her presence and seek her blessings in their rituals and practices.

    Final Thoughts

    W​hile looking at Goddess Sulis, we look at how the human experience connects with myth, innovation, and spirituality. As the sun continues to cast its golden touch upon the world, so too does Sulis’s radiant spirit remind us of the enduring power of myth, the beauty of tradition, and the everlasting allure of the divine.

    Amidst the bustling modern world, the echoes of ancient rituals and veneration find a home among contemporary worshipers, as Wiccan and Pagan communities seek solace and guidance from the benevolent goddess. Even in the act of offering to the waters of the Roman baths, the connection between past and present remains unbroken, a poignant reminder of Sulis’s enduring influence.

    Sources

    Journeying to the Goddess

     Digital Maps of the Ancient World

    Sulis Game

    Feminism and Religion

    Mythus

  • Nantosuelta: Goddess of Nature, Earth, Fire, and Fertility

    Nantosuelta: Goddess of Nature, Earth, Fire, and Fertility

    Goddess Nantosuelta is a guardian of the earth, a bestower of fertility, and a symbol of abundance. While the annals of history may offer only fragmented glimpses of her story, Nantosuelta is recognized as a powerful goddess. The origins of Nantosuelta trace her lineage within the Tuatha Dé Danann, the divine race of Celtic lore.

    She possesses a wisdom that celebrates the intricate dance of life, death, and renewal. Nantosuelta is depicted in ancient Celtic stones along with her lover, Sucellus. Her symbolism, her stories, and her essence remind us of the sacred bond between humanity and the natural world.

    Nantosuelta is unique in her abilities of love and war. She governs two realms that seem to be the opposition of each other. As a goddess of fire, her flames both cleanse and ignite, while her connection to fertility and land, ensures the vitality of the land.  

    OverviewGoddess Nontosuelta is standing in front of a window that looks out into a deep forest. She is wearing a green head wrap with purple flows adorning it with her black curly hair flowing out of it. Her green eyes match the scenery. Her white dress is adorned with ancient Celtic jewelry with some greenery attached.

    Nantosuelta’s name, which translates to “Winding River” or “Valley Stream,” hints at her deep-rooted association with the land’s life-giving waters and the sustenance they provided to the Celtic peoples. She can be described as an Earth Mother, a guardian of agriculture, and a symbol of the interconnectedness between humans and nature.

    Nantosuelta held a protective role over the home and hearth. She safeguarded the well-being of families, ensuring harmony and abundance within households.In several depictions, Nantosuelta is seen in the company of other Celtic deities, notably Sucellus, who is often regarded as her consort. This suggests a dynamic relationship within the pantheon, possibly symbolizing the complementary aspects of nature and its cycles.

    Nantosuelta is commonly portrayed holding symbols such as a patera (a shallow ritual dish), a cornucopia overflowing with fruits, and a dove, which may symbolize peace and the interconnectedness of nature. Her imagery emphasizes her nurturing and life-affirming qualities.

    Titles

    • The Celtic Earth Mother
    • Guardian of Hearth and Harvest
    • S​he of the Winding River
    • S​he of the Sun-drenched Valley

    Abilities

    Perhaps Nantosuelta’s most renowned abilities lie in her association with abundance and fertility. Her presence ensures bountiful harvests, healthy livestock, and the prosperity of families. Those who honor her seek her favor to experience the richness of life’s blessings. Nantosuelta is often associated with the ability to bring about miracles and unexpected blessings. Her influence over the cycles of nature and the fertility of the earth allows her to manifest providence in times of need.

    She is the guardian of the intricate balance of ecosystems, maintaining the harmony of forests, rivers, and mountains. Her abilities enable her to nurture and protect the delicate web of life that thrives within her domain. Fire, a potent and transformative element, falls under Nantosuelta’s purview. She governs the sacred flames that symbolize both destruction and rebirth.

    Characteristics

    Nantosuelta is standing on a small boat floating through a stream in a dark forest. She is looking off to the distance with a flower crown on her brown hair. She wears a green Celtic dress with a maroon cloth draped over her.

    Source: World Anvil 

    In many depictions, Nantosuelta is portrayed with long, flowing hair. Her hair is often unbound, cascading down her back in loose waves. Nantosuelta is frequently adorned with a crown or wreath of flowers. This floral crown symbolizes her role as a fertility goddess. She is also accompanied by or holding a dove.

    Nantosuelta is typically depicted wearing flowing robes that resemble the flowing landscapes of nature. Her attire is often adorned with intricate patterns and symbols, emphasizing her connection to the earth’s intricate rhythms and cycles. Her imagery emphasizes her benevolence, nurturing spirit, and her vital role in sustaining the well-being of both the land and its people.

    Traits

    Goddess Nantosuelta, like many deities in ancient mythologies, is understood and interpreted through her symbolism and the roles she plays in the natural world. Her primary role as a fertility goddess and Earth Mother suggests a nurturing and maternal aspect of her character. She is seen as a giver of blessings, bestowing prosperity, health, and fertility upon those who honor her. Her character is often portrayed as kind and generous, ensuring that her devotees have what they need for sustenance and well-being.

    Nantosuelta’s dominion over nature, the earth, and fire suggests a deep connection to the elements. This connection implies a certain elemental force within her character, which could encompass both the nurturing qualities of the earth and the transformative power of fire. Nantosuelta’s involvement in the cycles of nature, including birth, growth, and renewal, suggests a cyclical and renewing aspect of her character.

    Symbols

    One of the primary symbols associated with Nantosuelta is spring water. Springs have long been revered as sources of life-giving and purifying waters. Nantosuelta’s connection to spring water underscores her role as a goddess of rejuvenation and renewal. The cornucopia, or horn of plenty, is a symbol of abundance and plenty. It is often depicted overflowing with fruits, vegetables, and other bountiful harvests.

    A black and white drawing of Nantosuelta with a bird house in front of her with a crow sitting on top.

    Source: Deviant Art 

    Another significant symbol associated with Nantosuleta is the patera, a shallow ritual dish that she is often depicted tipping onto an altar. This showcases her ability to bestow blessings and abundance upon those who honor her. Ancient Celtic carvings depict her holding this dish. An honorable mention is her connection to the Raven. For this goddess, it serves as both a sentinel and a guide for spirits in the after world. 

    The presence of the dove in Nantosuelta’s symbolism represents peace, harmony, and interconnectedness. Doves are often seen as messengers of good tidings and bearers of hope. Nantosuelta’s connection to fire underscores her role in the cyclical nature of life. She embodies the essence of fertility, abundance, and renewal, nurturing life and ensuring the flourishing of both the land and its inhabitants. Her symbolism continues to promote these characteristics as well.

    Festivals and Rituals

    Nantosuelta is standing in front of an apple tree while the leaves are changing to fall colors. Her long hair cascades down her whole back ad she hold a bird house in one hand and a crow in the other.

    Source: Thalia Took 

    Nantosuelta’s devotees engage in water blessing ceremonies. Springs and natural bodies of water are revered as sacred sites, where the goddess’s energies are invoked to infuse the water with her life-giving and rejuvenating properties. Pilgrimages to these sites are common, with participants seeking physical and spiritual healing.

    Legends Associated with Goddess Nantosuelta

    Not many legends were shared about Goddess Natosuelta and even her origin story can be open for interpretation. 

    Origin Story

    Nantosuelta’s first divine consort was Sucellus, a deity often depicted as a hammer-wielding god associated with agriculture and the underworld. Later, Nantosuelta’s path intertwined with that of Dagda, a revered figure among the Tuatha Dé Danann. A lot of Nantosuelta’s tales can be connected to the Irish goddess, Morrigan. They can be seen as one in the same but from different areas in the Celtic region.

    This is a drawing of Nantosuelta and she is sitting on a rock as she sticks a stick in the water in front of her. She is surrounded by blue skies and evergreen trees.

    Source: Birds of Rhiannon 

    One of the most intriguing aspects of Nantosuelta’s legend is her transformation into a crow on the battlefield—a symbolism reminiscent of the Morrigan, another powerful Celtic goddess associated with war and fate. This transformation is seen as an apt metaphor for her ability to navigate the chaos and conflict of the battlefield with wisdom and power. It underscores her role as a guardian and guide in times of turmoil, emphasizing the interconnectedness between life and death, creation and destruction.

    Nantosuelta is Love

    Nantosuelta and Sucellos are standing upon a hill, wearing ancient Celtic clothing. Half of the image is sunset and fall and the other half is dark and stormy.

    Source: Birds of Rhiannon  

    Nantosuelta is a goddess of many things but, it turns out, she is also a goddess of love. She develops a romantic connection with Sucellos, the god of love, loyalty, and prosperity. Their love story shows the profound power of divine passion. Their relationship mirrors the eternal dance of love and loyalty. Sucellos, in his unwavering devotion, as one of her most faithful followers, serves as both a symbol and guardian of their shared love.

    Their love story underscores the connection of her various domains. Love, after all, is the force that drives fertility, kindles the fires of passion, and even influences the outcomes of war. Their tale is one of devotion and what love should strive to be. 

    Death Omen on the Battlefields

    In the chaos of the battlefield, soldiers often think of Goddess Natosuelta. She can be known as a guardian of warriors or a deity that helps bridge fallen soldiers into the after world. Like that of the Morrigan, her crow can circulate the battlefield and leave soldiers feeling frightened that their end is near. 

    Goddess Nantosuelta is standing on a cliff with a dead tree standing behind her. She is hold the bird house on stick. She has long red flowing hair and is wearing red and green tattered Celtic garments.

    Source: Journeying to the Goddess 

    The crow, being a symbol of death, can be shocking to those fighting diligently on the battlefield. Some may accept their unavoidable fate and embrace the crow as a reminder that Nantosuelta’s presence is near. Her presence may also encourage them to not give up and keep pushing than they were originally going to. In the midst of the battle, they can look to her and find courage and hope that they will defeat their enemies. 

    Influences on other cultures and religion

    The raven, a symbol of death, fertility, and transformation, underscores her role as a goddess who navigates the realms of life and death. This symbolism resonates with the Irish Goddess Morrígan, a powerful figure associated with fate, war, and sovereignty. The connection between these two goddesses suggests shared themes and attributes that transcended regional boundaries.

    Modern Influences

    A man wearing a white shirt and a leather vest is playing his guitar with a microphone in front of him in a dead forests.

    Source: Youtube 

    Nantosuelta has influenced the modern music industry. Under the Abyss, a French metal band,  released a song called “The Wrath of Nantosuelta” directly referencing this Celtic deity. They are a French Metal band that is known for their melodic compositions that draw from ancient Celtic lore. 

    In “The Wrath of Nantosuelta,” they offer a modern interpretation of the goddess that pays homage to her different abilities as a goddess. Through its evocative lyrics and intense musicality, the song invokes the goddess’s presence and explores the themes of nature’s wrath and the power of renewal. 

    Final Thoughts

    As a goddess of nature, Nantosuelta embodies the reverence and gratitude our ancestors felt for the Earth’s life-giving forces. Her presence in Lusitanian mythology and her symbolic ties to the raven draw connections to other ancient goddesses, highlighting the shared themes of life, death, and transformation in diverse spiritual traditions.

    In a modern age where the pace of life often disconnects us from the natural rhythms of the Earth, Nantosuelta’s mythology reminds us of the enduring importance of our connection to land and the seasons. Her symbols, both ancient and timeless, invite us to rekindle our appreciation for the Earth’s bounty and to recognize the sacredness of the cycles that sustain us. 

    Her story reminds us that love and war are sacred and worth celebrating. Whether we honor her through rituals by springs, harvest festivals, or simply by acknowledging the beauty of the natural world around us, Nantosuelta’s enduring spirit continues to inspire reverence for the Earth and its life-sustaining energies.

    Sources

    Journeying to the Goddess

    Britannica

    Religion Wiki

    The Man from Mosel River

    dbpedia     

    World Danvil 

  • Clíodhna: Goddess of Love, Beauty, and the Sea

    Clíodhna: Goddess of Love, Beauty, and the Sea

    As a goddess of love, beauty, and the sea, Clíodhna possesses an enchanting duality that resonates through ages past and present. Her tales, whispered through the winds and etched in ancient manuscripts, offer a glimpse into the intricate beliefs and cultural tapestry of the Emerald Isle.

    From her role as a guardian of the sea to her associations with ethereal beauty, her influence reverberates not only through mythological narratives but also in contemporary interpretations. With each myth, Clíodhna emerges as a complex entity, a bridge between realms, a guardian of the seas, and a muse of poets.

    Overview

    Goddess Cliodhna is standing in front of a pillared building. She is holding an apple while three birds surround her in a lavender field. Her red her hangs down her back while she is wearing a dark blue Celtic dress.

    Source: Amino 

    Clíodhna (pronounced KLEE-uh-nuh) is a prominent figure in Irish mythology associated with beauty, love, and the sea. She is often depicted as a beautiful woman with long, flowing hair, and she holds a special place in Celtic folklore due to her captivating presence and intriguing stories.

    Several myths and legends feature Clíodhna, showcasing her influence over mortals and her interactions with other mythological beings. One of the most well-known stories involves her love for a mortal named Ciabhán.

    Clíodhna’s legacy endures in various forms. She has inspired numerous works of literature, art, and music, keeping her memory alive in the hearts and minds of those who appreciate Ireland’s mythological heritage. Clíodhna’s stories, like many other figures from Irish mythology, are an integral part of Ireland’s cultural heritage. They reflect the people’s deep connection to nature, the sea, and the mystical aspects of life

    Titles

    • Clídna
    • Clíona
    • Clíodna of the Wave
    • Queen of Banshees
    • The Sea’s Muse
    • Mistress of Enchantment
    • Beauty of the Emerald Isle
    • The Melodic Banshee
    • Guardian of Glandore
    • Celtic Fairy Queen

    Abilities

    Clíodhna’s essence as a goddess of love and beauty is evident in her captivating presence and allure. Her ethereal beauty is said to be irresistible, and her enchanting aura can draw mortals under her spell. Those fortunate enough to encounter her may feel a deep and powerful connection, resonating with themes of love and desire.

    Possessing potent magical abilities, Clíodhna has dominion over the sea and the storms that can rage upon it. With a mere thought or gesture, she can stir the sea into a frenzy, conjuring tempestuous waves and tumultuous waters. Her role as a Queen of the Banshees and her command over the sea reflect the profound reverence ancient Celtic societies held for the forces of nature and the mysteries of life and death.

    Characteristics

    As a figure of beauty, love, and power, her appearance is described in ways that evoke a sense of otherworldly allure and ethereal grace. Her hair’s golden or radiant hue is said to catch the light and accentuate her enchanting beauty. Clíodhna’s physical form is characterized by its elegance and grace. Her movements are described as fluid and entrancing, reflecting her connection to the sea and her role as a goddess of love and beauty.

    A black and white drawing of Cliodhna with three doves in her long hair. Her dress is full of ancient Celtic designs.

    Source: Talia Took 

    Clíodhna’s attire is often depicted as flowing and ethereal, mirroring the waves of the sea and the winds that sweep across the land. Her clothing is adorned with symbols of her domain, such as seashells, pearls, or intricate patterns reminiscent of water currents. Her divine garments contribute to her regal presence and otherworldly elegance. Overall, Clíodhna’s physical characteristics are a harmonious blend of beauty, grace, and mystical charm.

    Traits

    Clíodhna is renowned for her enchanting presence, and her personality reflects a deep sense of allure and charm. Her ability to captivate and draw others toward her is not just a matter of physical beauty but also an innate charm that she exudes effortlessly. This trait is woven into the very fabric of her being, allowing her to exert a magnetic pull on those who encounter her.

    Clíodhna is renowned for her enchanting presence, and her personality reflects a deep sense of allure and charm. Her ability to captivate and draw others toward her is not just a matter of physical beauty but also an innate charm that she exudes effortlessly. This trait is woven into the very fabric of her being, allowing her to exert a magnetic pull on those who encounter her.

    Clíodhna’s connection to dreams and prophecies is often associated with wisdom that transcends time. Her personality carries an air of ancient knowledge and understanding, giving her a sense of sagacity that mortals and other divine beings may seek to tap into.

    Symbols

    An image of blues and oranges surrounds Cliodhna as her red hair flows into the back round. There are numerous blue and orange doves surrounding her.

    Source: Wonder Root 

    Central to Clíodhna’s symbolism are the three brightly colored birds that fluttered around her in the realm of Tír na nÓg. These avian companions possessed magical healing powers, their abilities stemming from consuming sacred apples. These birds are depicted as emissaries of healing, soothing those in pain with their melodic songs and granting restful slumber.

    Clíodhna’s sacred animals form a diverse tapestry of creatures that inhabit both land and sea. The cat represents mystery and intuition, while the cow signifies abundance and nourishment. The snake embodies transformation and rebirth, while the horse symbolizes strength and freedom. Fish, with their connection to water, evoke emotions and depth. Seabirds, linking Clíodhna to her maritime realm, speak of grace and adaptability. These animals act as conduits for connecting with her energy and seeking her guidance.

    Festivals and Rituals

    Connecting with Clíodhna, the Celtic Fairy Goddess of love, beauty, and the sea, is a sacred journey that can be enriched through rituals and offerings. These festivals and practices allow you to forge a deeper connection with her mystique and honor her divine presence.

    Goddess Cliodhna is wearing a ancient Celtic dress in pink while she walks through a flower field. She holds her hand up to touch a bird that is flying by.

    Source: Irish History Bitsize 

    Creating an altar dedicated to Clíodhna is a wonderful way to establish a sacred space for your interactions with her. Consider including items that resonate with her nature. Include an image that reminds you of Clíodhna, such as a framed picture or figurine of a fairy or mermaid. This serves as a focal point for your connection.

    These items connect you to Clíodhna’s maritime realm and symbolize her association with the sea. Stones, plants, and greenery honor her role as an earth goddess. Water, sand, and a small vase with flowers or herbs emphasize her connection to water and the rejuvenating powers it brings. A green cup can serve as a vessel for offerings, connecting with her love for nature.

    Legends Associated with Cliodhna

    Clíodhna’s tales are steeped in her ethereal beauty, her connection to the sea, and her role as a harbinger of both love and death.

    Origin Story

    Cliodhna is wearing a brown strapless dress as her brown hair falls to one shoulder. Her harms go across her body as she hold a golden apple in one and a bird in the other. There are vines surrounding her body and the back round fades into purple.

    Source: Saatchi Art 

    As one of the three daughters of Gebann, the esteemed chief druid of the sea-god Manannán Mac Lir, Clíodhna’s heritage bestowed upon her an affinity with the sea and its enigmatic forces. Manannán’s fondness for Clíodhna, however, cast a shadow over her existence, as it attracted the jealousy of others and subjected her to unforeseen challenges.

    Her connection to the sea extended beyond familial ties; Clíodhna took on the sacred responsibility of guarding against blighted crops and safeguarding animals, particularly cattle, from afflictions and the malevolent influences of the evil eye. Her powers were far-reaching, manifesting in her ability to transform into creatures like a wren or a white hare, enabling her to elude those who sought to uncover her magical secrets.

    Hailing as a Munster goddess, Clíodhna’s dominion over Glandore in County Cork anchored her influence in the heart of the land. But her true realm stretched beyond the physical world—she presided over the Celtic Otherworld, a realm of perpetual joy and revelry, untouched by death and aging. This land of eternal beauty and merriment was a sanctuary for feasting, hunting, and celebration, under Clíodhna’s benevolent rule.

    Clíodhna and Ciabhán’s Love Story

    Cliodhna stands in the middle of a dense forest in the night. Her hands are by her sides and her eyes light up blue like the butterflies surrounding her. She is wearing a blue dress that matches her eyes.

    Source: Amino 

    The legend of Clíodhna and Ciabhán weaves a tale of unrequited love, sacrifice, and a heartrending tragedy that echoes through the ages. Clíodhna, the enchanting goddess of the Tuatha Dé Danann, found herself captivated by a mortal man named Ciabhán, known for his lustrous curls and captivating spirit. Their love, while fierce and profound, was fated to be marred by a heartbreaking twist of destiny.

    As the story goes, Clíodhna would await Ciabhán’s return from his hunting expeditions by the seashore. With bated breath, she would stand at the water’s edge, her gaze fixed on the horizon. Her love for him was a beacon that drew her to the shore, a reminder of the sacrifices she had made for their love.

    Manannán Mac Lir, a formidable King of the Tuatha Dé Danann and a guardian of the Otherworld, held dominion over the waves. One fateful day, while Clíodhna slumbered on the shoreline, Manannán’s haunting music summoned a colossal wave that surged forth with a purpose of its own. With a heart heavy with sorrow, Manannán’s magic sent Clíodhna’s form adrift upon the cresting wave, carrying her away from the realm of mortals and back into the embrace of the sea.

    In the blink of an eye, Clíodhna was lost to the depths, and her love with Ciabhán was forever severed. The story of their love, both beautiful and tragic, lives on in the memory of the land. The incoming tide in Glandore, County Cork, bears her name — ‘Tonn Chlíodhna’ or ‘Clíodhna’s Wave’ — a melancholic reminder of the goddess’s eternal connection to the sea.

    The First Stone

    An old crone is seen standing in front of a dirt mound and throwing a few seeds into it.

    Source: Tales from the Wood 

    One of the most cherished legends entwined with the name of Clíodhna speaks of the iconic Blarney Stone, a fabled symbol of eloquence and persuasive speech that echoes through the hallowed halls of Ireland’s heritage. In the heart of this tale stands Cormac McCarthy, a castle-builder beset by the trials of a lawsuit, who found himself grappling for a way out of his predicament.

    Amid the turmoil, Cormac’s plea for assistance reached the ears of Clíodhna, the ethereal goddess who was known for her benevolence. Touched by his desperation, she visited him in a dream, her voice like a whisper of the wind carrying secrets. In this dream, Clíodhna revealed a solution, her guidance veiled in enchanting mystery: to kiss the first stone he encountered on his journey to court.

    With the dawn casting its gentle light, Cormac began his journey to the court. Following Clíodhna’s ethereal counsel, he discovered a stone along his path and pressed his lips to its surface. Energized by a newfound resolve, he entered the courtroom, his words flowing like a river of eloquence, his arguments woven with an enchanting plausibility that held the audience captive.

    Cormac’s eloquence was nothing short of magical, and his arguments carried the weight of conviction. As he presented his case with a mesmerizing command of words, he effortlessly swayed the minds and hearts of those who listened. The judge and jury found themselves entranced, the lawsuit’s complications unraveled by Cormac’s masterful persuasion.

    Modern InfluenceThis is an image from the video game mentioned. In the game she is shown with white glowing hair and body parts that look to be transparent. Her garments are dark and covered in ancient Celtic designs.

    Source: IGN 

    G​oddess Cliodhna can be seen in a video game called Smite. In this game, she is depicted as a Herald of Death. This is because of her ‘Queen of Banshees’ title.

    Her abilities could embody the haunting nature of banshees while incorporating elements of her mythological attributes. Her inclusion would added a distinctive and mystical presence to the game’s diverse pantheon of deities, inviting players to experience the realm of Irish mythology through the lens of “Smite.”

    Final Thoughts

    While history and tradition have handed down her tales, the enigma of Clíodhna remains, inviting us to venture beyond the confines of the known and embrace the mysteries that lie beyond. Her beauty, her influence on the sea’s rhythm, and her whispers of fate continue to resonate, stirring the hearts of those who hear her name.

    Through her stories, we find echoes of our own desires, our struggles, and our aspirations. We are reminded of the power of beauty to inspire, the depth of love to transform, and the mysteries of the sea to evoke wonder. Her presence, echoing through time, serves as a testament to the power of myth to transcend generations, resonating with the human spirit across ages and cultures.

    Sources

    Tales From the Wood

     Bard Mythologies

    Emerald Isle

    Connolly Cove

    Other Worldly Oracle

    Wiki     

  • Boann: Goddess of Poetry and Fertility

    Boann: Goddess of Poetry and Fertility

    From her daring quest to approach a forbidden well to her transformation into the River Boyne, Boann’s legends encapsulate the essence of curiosity, defiance, and the potent consequences that reverberate through time.

    In the heart of the Boyne Valley, at the ancient site known as Newgrange, Boann’s legacy flourished. As we delve into her origin story, the echoes of her footsteps encircle the magical Well of Segais, where hazelnuts and speckled salmon intertwine with the essence of wisdom itself.

    Boann’s associations are as diverse as they are intriguing. From her enigmatic partnership with Manannan Mac Lir, the god of oceans, to her profound connection with the Milky Way, her presence extends from rivers to the celestial realms. The legends of her diverse companions, her audacious challenges to cosmic forces, and her transformations paint a portrait of a goddess deeply woven into the fabric of both the natural and the supernatural.

    Overview of Boann

    Source: Tales from the Wood 

    Boann, often spelled as Boann or Boyne, is a prominent figure in Irish mythology, specifically within the context of Celtic mythology. She is primarily associated with the River Boyne, which flows through eastern Ireland. Boann is often referred to as a goddess, and her stories are intertwined with themes of water, fertility, and wisdom. Her tale is part of the wider Tuatha Dé Danann mythology, a group of deities in Irish mythology.

    Boann is often considered to be the wife or consort of the god Dagda, who is one of the chief deities among the Tuatha Dé Danann. She is also sometimes identified as the mother of Aengus, another significant figure in Irish mythology. However, her most famous connection is with the River Boyne.

    In Celtic mythology, rivers were often revered as sources of life, renewal, and vitality. Boann’s act of seeking knowledge and her subsequent injury symbolize the inherent risks of delving into the mysteries of the universe and the consequences of challenging divine laws.

    Titles

    • T​he White Cow
    • The Arm and Leg of Nuada’s wife
    • The Great Silver Yoke
    • White Marrow of Fedlimid
    • Stormy Wave
    • River of the White Hazel

    Abilities

    Boann’s association with flowing waters extends beyond the physical realm. In the same way that the River Boyne clears debris in its path, Boann’s energy is believed to help cleanse the mind of mental clutter and negativity. Invoking her presence can be akin to the soothing flow of a river, washing away worries and doubts, leaving mental clarity in their wake.

    As the goddess of poetry, Boann is a muse for artistic expression. Her influence extends to the realm of creativity, providing individuals with the inspiration needed to unlock their creative potential. Boann’s connection to fertility signifies her role in nurturing growth and abundance. This fertility is not limited solely to physical fertility but also encompasses the fertility of ideas, projects, and aspirations. B​oann is mentioned as a triple goddess of creativity alongside other celtic goddess’s Ceridwen and Brigid 

    Characteristics

    Boann, the radiant goddess of the River Boyne, embodies the essence of flowing water itself. Her physical presence is a reflection of the river’s serene yet powerful nature, and her appearance holds echoes of the natural world she represents.

    Long, flowing hair cascades down her shoulders, reminiscent of the gentle ripples of a serene stream. Each strand carries the hues of dawn and twilight, as if she is eternally bathed in the hues of the changing sky, mirroring the transition from day to night.

    Source: Blueroebuck 

    She wears a robe that seems to shimmer with the essence of water itself. Its hues shift and change like the ever-moving surface of a river, reflecting the colors of the world around her. Adornments crafted from river stones and pearls adorn her attire, symbolizing the treasures and mysteries that rivers often hold. Upon her skin, a gentle glow reminiscent of moonlight reflects her connection to the cycles of nature. Her touch is said to be as refreshing as a cool breeze by the water’s edge, bringing a sense of rejuvenation to those fortunate enough to experience it.

    Traits

    Boann’s myth revolves around her curiosity and daring. She is unafraid to challenge boundaries and explore realms others might avoid. Boann’s actions demonstrate her desire for knowledge and wisdom. Her determination to unlock the secrets of the well exemplifies her hunger for understanding.

    Boann’s actions demonstrate her desire for knowledge and wisdom. Her determination to unlock the secrets of the well exemplifies her hunger for understanding. Boann’s journey to the well displays her strong determination. She persists in her quest despite the warnings and barriers, demonstrating a resilient spirit.

    Symbols

    Perhaps one of the most emblematic symbols associated with Boann is the white cow. Cows held deep reverence among the Celts, representing nourishment, fertility, and a link to the land. The choice of a white cow aligns with the idea of illumination, as the color white symbolizes purity and enlightenment. This gentle creature embodies Boann’s nurturing spirit and her connection to the cycles of life.

    Source: Amino 

    Hazelnuts, often linked to wisdom and knowledge, further emphasize Boann’s role as a guardian of enlightenment. Boann’s association with hazelnuts underscores her capacity to guide seekers toward hidden truths and deeper understanding.The salmon holds a special place in Boann’s symbolism, as it represents the wisdom gained from the pursuit of knowledge.

    Water, represented by the River Boyne, is at the core of Boann’s essence. It signifies not only her connection to the physical realm but also her link to the metaphysical and spiritual domains. Boann’s role as a goddess of the river ties her to the ebb and flow of life’s currents and the mysteries they hold.

    Festivals and Rituals

    Source: Discover Boyne Valley 

    Goddess Boann’s influence and symbolism are celebrated through various festivals and rituals, particularly in Ireland’s Boyne Valley. One of the most significant and captivating celebrations occurs at Newgrange, a monumental Cairn that embodies the power center of the female divine. Here, the Winter Solstice becomes a sacred occasion, intertwining the natural world with mythological significance.

    In the heart of the Boyne Valley, Newgrange’s Cairn serves as a testament to the connection between the goddess Boann and the rhythms of the cosmos. During each Winter Solstice, a remarkable spectacle unfolds. As the longest night of the year envelops the land, the Cairn, which carries echoes of a womb-like structure, becomes the epicenter of a celestial event.

    With profound symbolism, the male Sun’s rays align perfectly with the entrance of the Cairn, signifying the respectful and harmonious dance between masculine and feminine energies. This alignment honors the goddess Boann and symbolizes the permission granted to the male Sun to penetrate the womb-like chamber of the Cairn, birthing another year of lightness and growth. It is a testament to the cyclical nature of life and the interplay of energies within the natural world.

    Legends Associated with Goddess Boann

    From forbidden wells to cosmic unions, her narratives weave an intricate tapestry of curiosity, wisdom, and cosmic consequence.

    Origin Story

    Source: Fine Art America 

    Goddess Boann’s origin story is interwoven with the ancient landscape of Brug na Bóinne, known today as Newgrange, an awe-inspiring site situated near the village of Slane in County Meath, Ireland. Dating back to approximately 3000 BC, this sacred location predates even Stonehenge by a millennium and stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of Celtic civilization.

    She resided at Brug na Bóinne, a place teeming with the energy of millennia. Here, she embarked on a fateful journey, driven by her insatiable curiosity. She approached a forbidden well, drawn by the allure of hidden wisdom and secrets buried deep within the earth.

    As Boann circled the well in a counter-clockwise manner, the waters surged forth with a tumultuous force, creating the River Boyne itself. This monumental event symbolized her connection to the rivers of the earthly realm and the powerful currents of knowledge.

    Boann and Dagda

    Source: Ancient Pages 

    Her marital partner varies across texts, sometimes paired with the water deity Nechtan, at other times with the mortal guardian of the Brugh, Elemar. Interestingly, certain scholars propose that Nechtan and the Dagda, leader of the Tuatha De Danann and God of the Earth, might be intertwined beings.

    However, consensus emerges in acknowledging her connection with the Dagda, the All Father, and leader of the Tuatha De Danann. While her husband was absent, a clandestine union with the Dagda led to the conception of Aengus, destined to be the God of Youth and Poetry. To cloak her pregnancy from her husband’s gaze, Boann invoked a potent enchantment, suspending time itself. Through her magical feat, what would have spanned nine months was compressed into a solitary day, veiling her secret.

    Aengus, born of this extraordinary union, was entrusted to the care of his half-brother, Midhr, fostering his destiny as a deity of creative expression and youthful exuberance. Later in life, Aengus’s own story intertwined with the realm of romance. He embarked on a fabled love story with Caer Ibormeith. In an enchanting tale, the two lovers transformed into swans and soared into the skies, bound for eternity in their adoration.

    Between Rivers and Oceans

    In certain interpretations, Boann’s lineage is intertwined with Manannan Mac Lir. He is depicted as the god of the oceans and the first drop of the sea. Their specific relationship is a mystery but they share a mutual association with water. Their union demonstrates an intricate connection between water’s various forms. 

    Manannan Mac Lir emerges as more than just a god, taking on a dragon-like form known as Liraithe, a sea creature whose essence reverberates through the oceans. This primordial sea dragon is portrayed as the source from which all oceans emanate, embodying the very essence of water’s boundless expanse. In this depiction, Boann’s connection with the god of oceans becomes a fusion of river and sea, an amalgamation of water’s myriad forms that speaks to the elemental forces shaping the world.

    The curious aspect of this legend lies in the symbiosis of Boann’s dominion over rivers and her association with the god of all oceans. The rivers she presides over are the tributaries that weave through the land, while the ocean encompasses the vast realm of aquatic mysteries. Despite the contrast, their connection is a testament to the intricate balance between the microcosm and the macrocosm, the intricate dance of waters great and small.

    Source: Behance 

    Within these interpretations, Boann emerges not only as the daughter of Manannan Mac Lir but also a progeny of a Water Sprite, an ethereal being whose name remains obscured in the annals of mythology. These variations in the tale grant Boann dominion over waters prior to her transformative journey, a power that resonates through her subsequent role as a goddess.

    Modern Influences

    “Bóinn: The River Goddess,” a composition by Meath singer Róisín Ní Ghallóglaigh in the year 2020. This musical tribute emerged as part of the “Songs for Our Children Project” for Meath Cruinniú na nÓg, an initiative that beautifully bridges tradition and innovation.

    Source: Youtube 

    Curated by Aileen Lambert and Michael Fortune and commissioned by Meath Arts Office, this project served as a platform for the creation of freshly composed traditional songs designed for children. “Bóinn: The River Goddess” stands as a testament to the enduring resonance of Boann’s myth and her connection to the River Boyne.

    Final Thoughts

    Boann’s journey, from her audacious quest for hidden knowledge to her transformative role as the creator of the River Boyne, mirrors the human pursuit of wisdom and understanding. Her symbolism as a nurturer, a seeker of truth, and a bridge between realms has continued to inspire seekers, artists, and thinkers alike. In both ancient narratives and modern interpretations, Boann’s essence remains a source of insight into the connections between the natural world, the cosmos, and the depths of the human soul.

    From poetic descriptions of her physical attributes to intricate analyses of her personality traits, her symbols, and her relationships with other deities, every facet of her existence reveals layers of significance. In a world where the boundaries between myth and reality often blur, Boann’s story continues to flow through the collective consciousness, reminding us that the mysteries of the past are intricately interwoven with the narratives of the present.

  • Hel: Queen of Helheim and Goddess of Death

    Hel: Queen of Helheim and Goddess of Death

    The goddess Hel, known for her enigmatic presence in the realm of the underworld, has long captured the imagination and interest of scholars and storytellers alike. Embodying the delicate balance between life and death, Hel has drawn the attention of generations and inspired contemplation and exploration into the realms of Norse belief and beyond. Hel’s dualistic nature, reigning over the ethereal kingdom of Helheim while being deeply enmeshed in the perpetual cycle of existence, is a constant reminder of the intricate balance that shapes the universe. Both ancient and contemporary observers are drawn into her captivating narrative, woven with threads of life and death, inviting us to unravel the enigma that is Hel.

    Overview of Hel

    The realm of the dead in Norse Mythology was originally called Hel, but over time, it became associated with the goddess of death who ruled over Helheim – the land of the deceased. Hel, also known as Hela or Hella, played an essential role in Norse mythology as the supreme ruler of the underworld (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). According to historical accounts, she was born from the unconventional union of the mischievous trickster god Loki and the mysterious giantess Angrboda. Her authority over the afterlife is not limited to governance but also symbolizes the cyclical nature of life and death intrinsic to the Norse cosmology (“Hel – New World Encyclopedia”). Hel embodies this profound cosmic rhythm, closely intertwined with mortal existence and divine eternity. Additionally, her dual heritage mirrors the inherent dualities of her realm – a place of refuge and comfort for some souls, while for others, it is a realm of darkness and isolation (McCoy).

    The depiction of Hel showcases a striking golden-horned headpiece that elegantly adorns her golden locks. Her piercing blue eyes, etched with intricate gold patterns on her cheeks and chin, exude an intense yet captivating gaze.

    Source: Adobe Stock

    Titles

    • Mistress of the Underworld 
    • Queen of Helheim 
    • The Keeper of the Dead 

    Abilities

    The influence of Hel extends far beyond the dichotomy of life and death, firmly establishing her as a linchpin in the delicate balance of the cosmos (“Hel”). As an arbiter of fate, Hel holds the power to shape the destinies of mortals, an authority that resonates even beyond the veil of death itself (Kabir). 

    At the core of her abilities lies the pivotal task of determining the ultimate afterlife destinations for souls. This prerogative highlights her role as a mediator between the realms, orchestrating the intricate transition dance from the mortal to the ethereal (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). Furthermore, Hel’s capabilities extend to the realm of healing. Her unique aptitude for restoration grants her the ability to resurrect those who have faced near-fatal injuries or illnesses, thus weaving threads of life into the tapestry of death (McCoy). 

    Hel’s dominion over the deceased grants her sovereignty and dynamic control over spirits. This dominion endows her with the power to command and guide these spectral entities (Kabir). 

    Characteristics

    The visual representation of Hel’s existence is a remarkable embodiment of the complex dichotomy between life and death (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). Her form, as depicted throughout history, is sometimes a canvas richly painted with intricate detail, showing a body divided into two contrasting halves (Kabir). One side radiates an ethereal beauty akin to that of the gods, while the other is veiled in morbidity, mirroring the decay intrinsic to the afterlife (“Hel”). This visual duality encapsulates Hel’s pivotal role as an intermediary, poised between the animate and the deceased. However, several art pieces exclusively showcase Hel’s ethereal beauty, while others fully embrace her darker side. Nonetheless, both aspects of her persona are frequently portrayed in art.

    As a reminder of her place within the intricate cosmic dance, Hel’s appearance embodies her profound purpose and unique heritage as a guiding force amid the ever-shifting tides of existence. Her physical portrayal is not simply an artistic choice but a reflection of her role as a bridge between the realms of the living and the dead (McCoy), a reminder of the delicate balance between life and death that underpins the fabric of the universe.

    The image showcases Hel, whose skin appears sunken and grey, with entirely white eyes.

    Source: Adobe Stock

    Traits

    The association of Hel’s realm with the departed may suggest a strict and unyielding demeanor. However, Hel’s character is considerably multi-dimensional and exhibits a broad range of emotions and qualities that closely mirror the complex nature of her lineage. Beneath her enigmatic exterior lies a heart that resonates with compassion and morality (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). As the ruler of the realm of the deceased, her judgments bear significant consequences for the fates of departed souls (Kabir). Hel’s innate empathy and understanding provide hope within her shadowy domain, reminding us that compassion and kindness can coexist alongside death (McCoy). 

    Symbols

    The symbolism associated with Hel is deeply rooted in her integral role as a conduit between the realms, representing the transition from life to the afterlife. One of the most notable symbols linked to Hel’s power is the “Helm of Awe,” a complex emblem that exudes a sense of protection and strength (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). This icon is often associated with Hel’s dominion over the afterlife, highlighting her role as a guardian of souls during their final journey (“Hel – New World Encyclopedia”). Similarly, the “Hringhorni,” a ship that carries fallen warriors to the realm of the dead, is a potent symbol closely intertwined with Hel’s mythology (McCoy). This vessel embodies her authority over fate, guiding departed souls through the sea of transition with a steady hand (“Hel”).  

    The illustration depicted here showcases the formidable vessel named "Hringhorni" with a striking red sail, while a group of Vikings can be observed aboard the ship. The backdrop of the image reveals a somber sky, adding to the overall mood of the scene.

    Source: Innovato Design

    Festivals and Rituals

    Hel’s influence on Norse belief systems, particularly in ancestral veneration, is a topic of ongoing scholarly debate. Despite the lack of direct evidence of exclusive celebrations dedicated solely to Hel, her enduring presence as a mediator between the living and the deceased is reflected in broader observances such as the Dísablót (Kabir), a communal practice aimed at honoring ancestral spirits and feminine powers. During this ritual, offerings were presented to female entities, including the enigmatic Hel, praying for their favor and safeguarding (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). This homage highlights the intertwined destinies of the living and the deceased within Norse belief systems, underscoring Hel’s integral role in the intricate dance of life and death (McCoy). 

    In this illustration, three women wearing robes celebrate Disablot.

    Source: Tara Celebrations 

    Legends associated with Hel

    Amid the intricate weave of Norse mythology, the goddess Hel emerges as an enigmatic and influential figure. Delving into the legends surrounding her, we unearth her origin story and diverse narratives, unveiling facets of her captivating persona. These tales offer glimpses into the complexity that defines Hel, embodying both mystery and might within the rich tapestry of Norse lore.

    Origin story

    Following the Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson, a notable source of Norse mythology, the origin of Hel can be traced back to the atypical union between Loki, the renowned trickster god, and Angrboda, a giantess with close associations to chaos and the untamed forces of nature (“Hel (Mythological Being)”). 

    The involvement of Loki in Hel’s conception adds a layer of intrigue to her lineage. Loki, known for his shape-shifting abilities and propensity for stirring up trouble, defies the norms of the divine pantheon through his relationship with Angrboda. This union reflects both Loki’s inclination towards chaos and the crossing of boundaries between gods and giants, as well as between divine and primal forces. Angrboda, whose name translates to “She Who Brings Grief,” is intertwined with the untamed aspects of nature. The association with chaos and wilderness emphasizes Hell’s lineage’s unconventional and boundary-breaking nature. The offspring of this union embodies a unique blend of divine and chaotic traits, symbolizing a bridge between worlds and an embodiment of the dualistic nature intrinsic to Norse mythology (Kabir).

    Hel, in the illustration, showcases a monochromatic appearance, as she is entirely grey, with her hair being a dull white hue. Her attire comprises grey fur and horned headwear. Additionally, her eyes are grey, adding to the consistent color scheme.

    Source: Viking Style 

    The End and the Beginning: Hel’s Role in the Aftermath of Ragnarok

    A great event known as Ragnarok marked the end of the world and the beginning of a new life cycle. This apocalyptic event brought about the total destruction of the cosmos, leaving only ashes and rubble in its wake. However, amidst the chaos and devastation, a figure emerged as a beacon of hope and renewal: Hel, the ruler of the realm of Helheim. As the final resting place for those who had passed away due to old age or illness, Helheim played a crucial role in the aftermath of Ragnarok. As its ruler, Hel was responsible for ensuring that the souls who did not meet their fate in battle found their rightful place in the afterlife (“Hel – New World Encyclopedia”). Her unwavering commitment to this task spoke to the enduring influence of her character on Norse belief systems.

    Hel remained a central figure in this new life cycle as the world began to regenerate. Her role as a harbinger of cosmic change and renewal underscored the interconnectedness of all things, symbolizing the cyclical nature of existence. Hel’s significance as a guardian of souls and participant in the cosmic upheaval of Ragnarok was undeniable, as she embodied the bridge between life and death (“Hel (Mythological Being)”).

    The illustration depicts Hel's silhouette, donning grey battle gear and wielding a massive sword stained with blood.

    Source: Norse and Viking Mythology

    Hel as mediator

    In the annals of Norse mythology, few tales are more heart-wrenching than the saga of Baldr and his accidental demise at the hands of his own brother, Hodr. This tragic event set in motion a chain of events that thrust Hel, goddess of the underworld, into the forefront of the cosmic order (“Hel”). Baldr, known for his invulnerability, was granted this gift by a mother’s oath not to harm him. However, his vulnerability remained concealed from the gods, and Loki, the cunning trickster god, exploited this loophole, tricking Baldr’s blind brother into firing a mistletoe dart that pierced his heart, causing his death. The death of this radiant god plunged the cosmos into mourning, underscoring the profound impact of his demise.

    Following Baldr’s untimely death, the gods sought to retrieve him from the realm of the dead, Helheim, ruled by the goddess Hel. This realm was a place of rest for those who did not die in battle, offering a peaceful afterlife. The gods sent emissaries, including Baldr’s mother, the goddess Frigg, and Hermóðr, to negotiate with Hel for Baldr’s return. Hel, embodying her role as the ruler of the afterlife, presented the gods with a condition: if all things wept for Baldr, he would be released from her realm. This condition underscored Hel’s power and connection to the cyclical nature of life and death. While most beings wept for Baldr, Loki, in yet another act of deceit, disguised himself as a jötunn woman named Thökk and refused to shed tears, thus preventing Baldr’s return. Baldr’s death and sojourn to Helheim revealed Hel’s position as a mediator between realms. Her realm became a place of solace and reprieve, even for revered gods like Baldr (“Hel – New World Encyclopedia”). 

    The depiction presented herein showcases Hel, the Norse goddess of the underworld, seated regally upon her throne amid a lush natural environment, with her loyal hound Garmr loyally stationed at her feet.

    Source: Wikipedia

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Hel

    The enigmatic presence of Hel within Norse mythology extends beyond the confines of its cosmology, as her character bears subtle influences from diverse cultures and belief systems. Although firmly rooted in the Norse pantheon, Hel’s role as a deity overseeing the realm of the dead resonates with echoes from other mythologies. The motif of a divine ruler presiding over the afterlife is a universal theme that transcends cultural boundaries. Hel’s dominion over the deceased shares intriguing parallels with various underworld figures from different mythologies, such as Hades, the Greek god who holds authority over the realm of the dead in Greek mythology (Kabir). The resemblance in their roles underscores the timeless human fascination with the realm beyond mortal existence, illustrating the universality of themes surrounding death, rebirth, and the afterlife.

    As the lines blur between cultural narratives, Hel’s character emerges as a testament to the interconnectedness of human mythmaking. The similarities between her and other underworld figures reflect the innate human yearning to comprehend the mysteries that lie beyond life’s horizon, a yearning that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries. Thus, Hel’s multifaceted character is a poignant reminder of the enduring curiosity and wonder that permeates human mythology.

    Modern appearances 

    The legacy of Hel, a prominent figure in ancient Norse mythology, has transcended time and continues to resonate with modern sensibilities. Her enigmatic persona has seamlessly transitioned into various modern media outlets, leaving an indelible mark on literature, movies, and video games. Notably, Hel or Hela appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films, particularly in the movie “Thor: Ragnarok.” In the MCU, Hela is portrayed as Thor’s older sister based on the Norse mythology figure Hel. Depicted as a powerful and formidable villain, Hela can control death and rule over the realm of the dead. The adaptation of her character in “Thor: Ragnarok” highlights her connection to the apocalyptic event of Ragnarok, a role that mirrors her significance in Norse mythology.

    The image presented showcases the character of Hela from the widely popular Marvel film Thor Ragnarok. Hela is donned in a sleek black bodysuit adorned with intricate green details and is further accessorized with a striking horned headpiece.

    Source: Rare HD Wallpapers 

    Final thoughts

    Hel, in all her complexity, varied legends, and cultural influences, serves as a testament to mythology’s intricate and interconnected nature. Her role as a bridge between life and death, her embodiment of duality, and her enduring impact on popular culture highlights her significance within the pantheon of Norse deities. As we navigate the rich tapestry of Norse mythology, the character of Hel serves as a reminder of humanity’s timeless fascination with the mysteries that exist beyond the mortal realm.

    References 

    “Hel.” World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Hel/.

    “Hel (Mythological Being).” Wikipedia, 21 Nov. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being).

    “Hel – New World Encyclopedia.” Www.newworldencyclopedia.org, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hel.

    Kabir, Syed Rafid. “Hel: Norse Goddess of Death and the Underworld | History Cooperative.” History Cooperative, 12 Jan. 2023, historycooperative.org/hel-norse-goddess-of-death/.

    McCoy, Daniel. “Hel (Goddess) – Norse Mythology for Smart People.” Norse Mythology for Smart People, 2012, norse-mythology.org/gods-and-creatures/giants/hel/.

  • Sárahkká: The Protector of Mothers

    Sárahkká: The Protector of Mothers

    Sarahkka is a Sami deity that is especially important to the Sami women, for she is the protector of mothers and goddess of motherhood. Her presence helped comfort women during childbirth and provide reassurance. Sárahkká watches over baby girls from the moment they are born and as they develop into womanhood and until the moment they pass.

    Overview of Sarahkka

    Sárahkká is the daughter of Máttaráhkka, The Mother and the Beginner of Life, and sister of Juksakka and Uksakka. The mother and daughters worked together for the creation, development and protection of Sami children. Sárahkká is the middle sister and can be seen represented in the middle of a Sami drum. Opposite of her sister Juksáhkka, Sárahkká is the protector of girls and women from the moment of birth until their death. Sarahkka is a big source of relief and reliance for Sami women during pregnancy and childbirth, especially as the protector of mothers. Sárahkká is tuned into the feminine side of Sami culture and is associated with the girls and women in Sami society.

    Old photo of Sami woman holding her child on her lap.

    Source: Cabinet 

    Titles

    Sárahkká’s titles include goddess of birth, goddess of motherhood, goddess of girls and women, and protector of mothers. The spelling iterations of her name are Sar-Akka, Sarakka, and Sarahakka.

    Abilities

    Some sources say that one of Sarahakka’s important jobs was to grow the flesh around the babies in her womb before putting them in the womb of Sami women so they can become pregnant. She would mold an unborn baby’s body around a soul from her mother. During birth, Sarahakka would be present to calm the mothers and watch over the new child being born. If the parents of the unborn child wanted a baby girl, they would hang the feathers of Sarahakka’s sacred bird on the komsio, the baby’s cradle. Sarahakka’s sister, Juksáhkka, was said to be the one to decide the baby’s sex, but Sarahakka could help influence her sister. 

    Traditional Sami cradle made out of leather and pine.

    Source: Bukowskis 

    Traits

    In Sami shamanism, the generalized female spirit is called akka. Máttaráhkká is thought of as the first akka. Women and girls belong to here and her akka spirit, and boys do as well until they reach the point of manhood. Worshiping akka is common practice in forms of rituals, prayers and sacrifices. Sarahakka and her sisters are also akkas. Juksakka is the goddess of boys and men and goddess of hunting and Uksakka is protector of children. All sisters have “akka” following their names. Sarahakka and her mother and sisters live under the earth under the tents (Kota) of women and children. 

    The symbol for akka.

    Source: GodChecker

    History of Sami mythology

    In the 1970s, the Sami feminist movement began to open discussion for women’s roles in society and to redefine their roles as they once were when the deities were a major part of Sami culture. The arrival of modern society and Christianity made the Sami women lose their power in Sami society.  The movement began with women reindeer herders wanting the same rights and respect as the male reindeer herders. Not all Sami women were on board with the idea of feminism because they thought it made women the victims.

    The Sami women’s organization founded in 1988 is named The Sarahkka in the goddess’ honor. The organization focuses on women’s issues in Sami culture and specifically focuses on Sami women as caretakers and passing on culture to their children. This group also focuses on Sami being an indigenous population.

    Sami, also spelt Saami, is the population of people who inhabit the region of Sapmi, which is  comprised of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Sami is its own language and is part of the Uralic language linguistic group. Other languages in this group include Finnish and Hungarian. The Sami people are descendants of nomadic communities who lived in northern Scandinavia for thousands of years. Reindeer herding, sheep herding, fishing and fur trapping are a few livelihoods the Sami are known for.

    Traditional Sami religion and spiritual practices are considered to be animism—the belief that all naturalistic objects possess a soul. Examples can include rocks, plants, animals, and anything in the natural world. The Sami religion and beliefs can vary slightly from region to region, but the main deities of the Sami culture remain mostly the name, even though some may have different names for the same deity. 

    Sami people in traditional dress.

    Source: ThorNews

    Unfortunately, very little of Sami religion and mythology has been translated into English. In the 1800s, a Luther pastor named Levi Laestadius collected some fragments of this mythology, but it was poorly translated and weak explanations for lost historical resources. The Kalevala is a written book that focused on Finnish mythology, but also spoke of deities that were similar to the ones in Sami culture. 

    Influences of other religions/cultures 

    The presence of Christainty in Sami culture was active during the Roman Catholic middle ages, but the 17th century is when Norway and Sweden colonized Sami and Christianity was a main focus. In the kingdom of Denmark-Norway, the practicing of Sami religion resulted in a death penalty, for it was thought of as witchcraft. A Chrisitan mission was enacted in the 17th century to convert the Sami people to Christianity. During this period, the Sami people practiced Christianity in public, but in private, still continued their Sami religion. 

    Before Christinaity, women in Sami culture had higher regards in society because they were seen as the primary caregiver of the family and the one responsible for the family’s survival. Sarahakka and the many other female deities contributed to the idea that Sami women were well-respected in society and were mainly equal to men. However, once the ideas of Christianity reached the Sami people, this ideology changed.

    Modern appearances

    Sarahakka has a more prominent modern day appearance compared to her mother and sisters. The Sami women’s organization mentioned earlier founded in 1988 was named in Sarahakka’s honor. 

    In the Thor comics, Sarahakka and her sisters make minor appearances, otherwise, the modern appearance of Sarahakka is limited. If you have more information or legends that you can share, please do reach out!

    Final thoughts

    Sarahakka can be seen as a prominent feminist idol in Sami culture because of her dedication to girls and women and the comfort and support she provided during childbirth, but womanhood as well. Sarahakka was a way for the Sami women to find support during hard times and rejoice and connect with their sense of femininity and womanhood, especially way back then. This goddess and her family provided a strong sense of connection and security during the scariness of pregnancy and childbirth and allowed for the Sami people to celebrate life and death. 

    Sources

    Medium

    Nordic Names

    GodChecker

    Chalquist

    Britannica

    Owlcation

    The Sarahakka

    Stand.ie

    University of Texas- Women in Saami Society