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  • Kali: The Goddess Of Death 

    Kali: The Goddess Of Death 

    The illustrious pantheon of Hindu deities consists of many awe-inspiring figures; among them, Kali reigns supreme. This fierce goddess, also known as Kalika, commands reverence and respect due to her association with time, doomsday, death, and destruction (Wikipedia Contributors). According to legend, Kali was created by Durga, the mighty warrior goddess, and has since been celebrated for her slaying of the demon Mahishasura and the legendary dance of destruction. It is no surprise, therefore, that the goddess of death is held in such high esteem by devotees of Hinduism.

    Overview of Kali

    Kali, also called Mahakali, is a prominent deity revered in Hindu mythology for her immense power and significance. She represents the ancient force that lies before creation and manifests as the annihilating force that dissolves the universe. The portrayal of Kali is that of a ferocious goddess with a formidable appearance, yet she encapsulates the potential for liberation and spiritual awakening. Her dark complexion and intense demeanor challenge the conventional notions of beauty and mirror the transformative nature of existence. In essence, Kali embodies the ultimate reality, and her worship is a testament to her profound spiritual significance in Hindu culture. 
    Kali is presented here with multiple arms, three of which are holding tridents. She is dressed in a brown sari, with her mocha skin gleaming against the gold jewelry adorning her arms, neck, and head.

    Source: Freepik

    Titles

    • Great Kali
    • The Dark One
    • The Redeemer of the Universe
    • Killer of Chanda and Munda

    Abilities

    Kali has exceptional abilities that showcase her immense power and influence. In depictions of her, she often wields a sword, which symbolizes the cutting of ignorance and the destruction of ego. And in other portrayals, Kali is illustrated holding a severed head representing the triumph over ignorance and attachment to worldly desires. This powerful imagery shows Kali’s role as the destroyer of illusion and ignorance, paving the way for spiritual growth and transformation (Natesan). 

    Furthermore, Kali’s standard depiction of standing on the body of Lord Shiva conveys her supremacy over time and the transient nature of existence. This powerful imagery signifies her ability to dissolve all things and highlights her dominion over creation, preservation, and dissolution cycles. Kali’s divine role as the destroyer of illusion and ignorance is a testimony of her immense power, and her depiction of standing on Lord Shiva’s body is a reminder of her everlasting reign and influence over the universe (Cartwright). 

    Characteristics

    The image of Kali is striking and evocative, capturing the essence of her fierce and transformative nature. She is often portrayed with dark blue or black skin, symbolizing the vastness of the night sky and the limitless potential for both creation and destruction. Her hair is typically shown as messy and matted, representing her wild and untamed energy, free from the constraints of societal norms (Natesan). The piercing red color of her eyes signifies her fierce determination and unyielding nature. Kali’s overall demeanor exudes raw power and a sense of liberation from conventional beauty standards, emphasizing reality’s transformative and non-dualistic nature. 

    Her physical representation challenges traditional notions of beauty, compelling us to view the world through a new lens.

    Kali appears in this illustration as a red figure with multiple arms, one of which holds a severed head. Kali is squatting over a man lying on a tiger.

    Source: Fineartamerica 

    Traits

    Kali’s personality is a unique blend of fearlessness, ferocity, and untamed energy that embodies the creative and destructive forces of the universe. She symbolizes the cyclical nature of existence, representing the power and intensity that can destroy and create. Her fierce character fearlessly confronts and annihilates evil (Natesan), protecting her devotees from harm and upholding righteousness with unwavering determination. 

    However, while Kali’s intense aspect may appear intimidating, she also exhibits compassion and liberation. Her heart is reflected in her ability to liberate individuals from the bondage of ignorance and attachment, guiding them toward spiritual transcendence. Kali encourages her devotees to confront their fears, embrace the impermanence of life, and recognize the eternal essence within themselves (Cartwright). 

    Through her transformative influence, Kali catalyzes growth and transformation in those who seek her guidance. She embodies the power of change and is a testament to the soul’s eternal nature. As such, she remains a revered figure in Hindu mythology and an inspiration to those who seek to live a life of compassion, courage, and spiritual growth.

    Symbols

    Kali is linked with a collection of symbols. The garland of severed heads often adoring her neck in countless illustrations is a powerful emblem of the conquest of ego and liberation from worldly attachments. Each severed head represents the triumph over individualistic desires and the realization of the interconnectedness of all beings (Natesan). Moreover, this striking symbol embodies the transcendence of the limitations of conventional understanding, allowing seekers to experience the unity and non-dual nature of existence. 

    Furthermore, the sword Kali wields in her hand is a powerful symbol representing the cutting of ignorance and the destruction of negativity. It signifies her power to sever the ties of delusion and ignorance that bind individuals, enabling them to attain spiritual awakening and transcendence (Cartwright). This symbol is a testament to the transformative power of Kali, who helps individuals to overcome the limitations of the material world and achieve spiritual liberation.

    Another symbol associated with Kali is her fierce countenance, with her tongue sticking out. This portrayal represents her power to consume and dissolve all dualities, transcending the limitations of conventional understanding. It symbolizes her ability to annihilate illusions, ego-driven identities, and the notion of separateness, enabling seekers to experience the unity and non-dual nature of existence (Story).

    This image depicts Kali in a blue form wearing a garland of severed heads around her neck and a gold headpiece that resembles a tiara atop her head.

    Source: Vedicfeed

    Festivals and Rituals

    The goddess Kali is the subject of numerous vibrant festivals and rituals in her honor. Among these, Kali Puja stands out as one of the most significant. Observed on the new moon night of the Hindu month Kartik, this sacred occasion sees devotees gathering together to offer prayers, chant mantras, and perform elaborate rituals to invoke Kali’s divine blessings. The atmosphere is filled with devotion and reverence as worshippers seek the goddess’s grace and protection (Natesan). These festivals and ceremonies provide a dedicated time for devotees to connect with Kali’s energy, express their devotion, and seek her blessings. They create a vibrant and spiritually enthusiastic atmosphere, celebrating the power and transformative nature of Kali in the lives of her followers.

    There is a tapestry of Kali on the wall, as well as candles and flowers arranged in front of it: it's an altar to Kali.

    Source: Reddit

    Legends associated with Kali

    Kali holds a special place in the Hindu religion due to her ability to both destroy and transform, which has earned her great respect and admiration among the many deities. Her enthralling legends, the intricacies of her origin story, and the influences she has drawn from other religions and cultures have all contributed to a rich and fascinating mythology surrounding the formidable goddess of death. 

    Origin story

    The origin story of the revered Hindu goddess, Kali, is a subject of varying accounts across Hindu mythology. Multiple versions exist that portray her birth or emergence, but one particularly prominent narrative recounts how Kali sprang forth from the forehead of the goddess Durga during a fierce battle against the evil demon Raktabija. The demon possessed the frightening ability to multiply with each drop of his spilled blood, rendering Durga unable to defeat him. To counter this challenge, Durga created Kali, an embodiment of her fierce divine energy. With her awe-inspiring form and unbridled power, Kali fearlessly devoured Raktabija, thus effectively ending his reign of terror and restoring balance and peace. This legend undoubtedly attests to Kali’s unparalleled role as the formidable warrior goddess, unleashing her divine energy to combat and ultimately overcome the forces of evil (Cartwright). 
    The illustration depicts Kali in her blue form holding a sword in her hand and looking as if she is prepared for battle.

    Source: Deviantart

    The Slaying of Mahishasura 

    One of the most captivating legends surrounding the Hindu goddess Kali centers around her heroic slaying of the buffalo demon Mahishasura. Legend has it that Mahishasura had been granted a boon that rendered him nearly invincible, causing worldwide chaos and devastation. In response to this dire situation, the gods summoned Kali to confront Mahishasura in a fierce battle. With her formidable prowess and unwavering resolve, Kali emerged victorious over the demon, decapitating him and liberating the world from his oppressive rule. This tale highlights Kali’s ferocious aspect as the destroyer of evil forces, symbolizing the triumph of righteousness over wickedness (Story). 

    Kali is depicted here with one foot atop Shiva, holding a severed head in one of her ten arms.

    Source: Pinterest

    Dance of Destruction  

    In the fascinating legend of Kali’s dance of destruction, the goddess becomes enthralled by her power after successfully defeating all the demons on Earth. Overtaken by the joy of her victory, Kali’s unstoppable force threatened to engulf everything in her path. To bring her back to awareness, Lord Shiva, the divine consort, laid down amidst the battlefield, offering himself as a focal point for her attention. In her zeal, Kali unintentionally stepped on Lord Shiva. She realized her mistake at that moment and stuck out her tongue in astonishment. This act signifies Kali’s transformation from the destructive aspect of the goddess to her nurturing and compassionate nature. It serves as a reminder of the importance of balance and compassion, even amid immense power and destruction. This legend exemplifies Kali’s multifaceted nature, encompassing her divine energy’s fierce and nurturing aspects (Natesan). 

    In this illustration, Kali is depicted with four arms and standing on top of Shiva.

    Source: Mytraemeliana

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Kali

    The portrayal of Kali has been dramatically influenced by interactions with other religions and cultures, resulting in intriguing syncretic representations. In certain forms of Buddhism, Kali is equated with the goddess Tara, who embodies compassion and enlightenment. This assimilation reflects the syncretism between Hindu and Buddhist traditions, highlighting the interconnectedness of these belief systems. Kali’s assimilation with Tara showcases her compassionate aspect and underscores the shared ideals of compassion and enlightenment across these faiths (Cartwright).

    Furthermore, Kali’s depiction as the fierce goddess Durga in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition demonstrates the impact of Hinduism on Buddhist iconography. In this context, Kali embodies Durga’s powerful and protective qualities, emphasizing her power to conquer evil and defend the righteous. The influence of Hinduism on Buddhist representations of Kali-Durga further highlights the shared reverence for this aspect of the divine feminine. 

    The syncretic representations of Kali are a testament to the diverse and complex nature of religious beliefs and their ability to evolve. The assimilation of Kali with other deities underscores the interconnectedness of different faiths and the shared values they uphold. Through these syncretic representations, Kali continues to be a revered and multifaceted goddess, embodying both destruction and compassion, fearsomeness and protection, and serving as a symbol of the divine feminine.

    Modern appearances 

    In modern times, Kali remains a revered figure, and her presence is celebrated through various artistic and cultural expressions. Her imagery is often depicted in paintings, sculptures, and religious iconography, symbolizing her ferocity and transformative power. Kali’s influence extends to literature, music, and contemporary artworks, where she is celebrated as a symbol of feminine strength, liberation, and empowerment. Her mythology and symbolism resonate strongly with individuals seeking spiritual awakening and transformation in the modern world.
    A statue of Kali.

    Source: Collections

    Final thoughts

    Kali is a powerful embodiment of destruction and transformation. Her complex nature is revealed through various legends surrounding her origin, her battles against demons, and her dance of destruction. Kali’s multifaceted persona is both terrifying and nurturing, highlighting her significance in the spiritual realm. The influence of other religions and cultures has contributed to her perception and recognition, emphasizing her interconnectedness with diverse spiritual traditions. Even in modern times, Kali’s symbolism and presence continue to inspire artists, writers, and those seeking spiritual enlightenment, symbolizing each individual’s strength and transformative potential. The cyclical nature of existence and the importance of finding balance amidst the destructive and creative forces in the universe are underscored by Kali’s presence.

    References

    Cartwright, Mark. “Kali.” World History Encyclopedia, 21 June 2013, www.worldhistory.org/Kali/.

    Natesan, Sivagami. “Ma Kali.” Hindu American Foundation, 20 Nov. 2020, www.hinduamerican.org/blog/ma-kali.

    Story, Kali: “The Hindu Goddess Kali: Story, Symbols & Facts – Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com.” Study.com, 2020, study.com/academy/lesson/the-hindu-goddess-kali-story-symbols-facts.html.

    Wikipedia Contributors. “Kali.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali.

  • Danu: Mother of all gods

    Danu: Mother of all gods

    Goddess Danu stands tall as a symbol of divine femininity, wisdom, and abundance. Her presence has captivated the hearts and minds of Celtic communities for centuries, as she is one of the oldest Celtic gods. To understand Goddess Danu, is to understand her origin story.

    Originating from ancient Ireland, Danu’s origins are shrouded in the mists of time. Known as the “Mother of All,” she embodies the very essence of life and fertility. The Celtic people held her in high regard as the progenitor of the Tuatha Dé Danann, a mythical race of gods and goddesses who ruled over Ireland before the arrival of humans. Danu is the nurturing and protective qualities often associated with motherhood, while also captivating the power and wisdom.

    Overview

    Goddess Danu possesses a nature that embodies divine femininity and wisdom. Derived from ancient Irish folklore and oral traditions, her stories and associations have been passed down through generations, forming a rich tapestry of beliefs and reverence.

    Danu is in a red cloack adorned with gold as well as a gold crown over her brown braided hair. She stands in front of a tree with giant roots.

    Source: Picture This Gallery

    Danu is associated with nature and fertility, symbolizing the earth’s plenty and its life-giving qualities. Her name derives from the ancient Irish word “dan,” coming from meanings of art, skill, poetry, and wisdom. This highlights her deep connection to creative inspiration and intellectual prowess. One of Danu’s most significant legends revolves around her role as the creator of the Tuatha Dé Danann. They are known as a mythical race of gods and goddesses who ruled over Ireland before the arrival of humans.

    Titles

    • Mother of the Irish Gods
    • Beantuathach
    • Anu
    • Dana

    Abilites

    As a powerful earth goddess, Danu possesses the ability to manipulate and control the elements of the earth. She can shape the land, summon and control natural forces such as storms and earthquakes, and communicate with the spirits of nature. Danu is known as a goddess of wisdom and possesses profound knowledge of the natural world. She is a source of guidance, offering insight and enlightenment to those who seek her.

    Similar to the goddess Brigid, Danu is associated with the arts, poetry and inspiration. She gave creative gifts upon poets, musicians, and artists, infusing their work with beauty and eloquence. As the Celtic Goddess of Nature, Danu holds the power to bless and nurture the fertility of the land, animals, and people. She ensures the bountiful harvests, the growth of forests, and the prosperity of all living beings.

    Danu’s close connection to nature allows her to communicate with animals, plants, and elemental beings. She can commune with the spirits of the land and keep a harmonious relationship with the natural world. Danu possesses the ability to heal and restore balance to the natural environment and living beings. She can cleanse and purify, bringing renewal and rejuvenation to the Earth. Known as the “Mother of All,” Danu is the nurturing and protective qualities of motherhood. She offers her love, care, and protection to her worshipers, guiding and shielding them in times of need.

    Characteristics

    Goddess Danu embodies two contrasting aspects that epitomize her complex personality. On one hand, she exudes the essence of a nurturing, mother figure, overflowing with boundless love, wisdom, and protective instincts. As the “Mother of All,” she cradles the world in her tender embrace, offering solace, guidance, and sustenance to her children. Her gentle presence brings forth a sense of comfort and reassurance.

    However, within the depths of her being lies another facet, that of a malevolent warrior goddess. Just as nature can be both nurturing and fierce, Danu possesses an undeniable strength and formidable power that can be unleashed when provoked or threatened. Like a tempestuous storm, her wrath can shake the very foundations of existence, unleashing forces of destruction upon those who dare to challenge her.

    Danu is draped in a yellow dress in an arch way that leads to outside. There is a deer and trees behind her. Outside of the archway is a sun to her left and a moon to her right.

    Source: The Demonic Paradise

    Traits

    With an aura of timeless beauty, she stands tall and graceful, her form radiant with an otherworldly glow. Her countenance emanates both serenity and strength, commanding respect and admiration from all who behold her.

    Danu’s long, flowing hair cascades like shimmering strands of gold, entwined with delicate wildflowers and verdant leaves, symbolizing her deep connection to the natural world. Her eyes, as clear and deep as crystal pools, sparkle with wisdom and secrets of the universe, revealing an ancient knowledge that spans beyond mortal comprehension.

    Draped in a flowing gown made of the finest silken fabric, woven with intricate patterns of swirling vines and blooming flowers, she exudes an air of regality and grace. Upon her brow, she wears a crown of woven branches, with blossoms and leaves, symbolizing her status as the Celtic Goddess of Nature. It bestows upon her an earthly majesty, further accentuating her connection with the natural world.

    Symbols

    It is nighttime and clouds are rolling over the luminous moon as Goddess Danu sits at the river side. She is holding a shallow pan with water flowing into it from the river.

    Source: Mythus

    A few symbols match with the mother goddess that compliment her powerful abilities. One of her most prominent symbols is the representation of the earth itself, symbolizing her role as the goddess of fertility and the provider of sustenance. This symbol often takes the form of a lush, fertile landscape, brimming with vibrant flora and overflowing with abundant harvests.

    Another symbol associated with Danu is the flowing river, representing the water goddess’ life-giving force and the continuous cycle of fertility. The rivers intertwine with her essence, embodying the constant flow of abundance and prosperity that springs forth from her divine presence. These rivers symbolize the lifeblood of the land, sustaining the growth of crops, the vitality of animals, and the well-being of the people.

    The Paps of Anu in Kerry, Ireland, hold a special association with Goddess Danu, serving as a sacred place that symbolizes her presence and connection to the land. These twin peaks, also known as the “Breasts of Danu,” embody her nurturing and life-giving qualities, reminiscent of a mother’s protective embrace. The Paps of Anu stand as a physical representation of Danu’s power, fertility, and the profound connection she shares with the natural world.

    Festivals and Rituals

    The worship of Goddess Danu in Celtic culture is intertwined with festivals and rituals that honor her as the Celtic Goddess of Nature and the provider of abundance. These celebrations are marked by offerings, fire rituals, and connections to other significant festivals, particularly the festival of Goddess Brigid, Imbolc.

    One common ritual associated with Danu involves the scattering of offerings along rivers. These offerings typically consist of flowers and blossoms that are in season, reflecting the cyclical nature of the land’s fertility. Offerings may include timbers or precious metals, representing the appreciation and reverence for the gifts bestowed by the goddess.

    Danu is celebrated during ancient fire festivals that mark the transitions between seasons, such as Beltane and Samhain. These festivals often involve bonfires that symbolize purification, transformation, and the renewal of life. The fires serve as a means of honoring Danu’s presence and seeking her blessings for the upcoming seasons, whether it be the blossoming of spring or the harvest of autumn.

    Legends Associated with Danu

    T​here is not much written about the mother goddess and most of her tales were shared through word of mouth. Most of what we know about her is through the origin stories of other Celtic and Irish myths.

    Origin Story

    The origin story of Goddess Danu is mostly passed down orally and not much is written about her unless included in another Celtic myth. As a member of the Tuatha Dé Danann, alongside goddesses such as Brigid and Morrigan, Danu’s significance in Celtic mythology dates back to ancient times. The root of her name, “dan,” carries the connotations of art, skill, poetry, and wisdom in the ancient Irish language, signifying her association with these qualities. Danu’s story is intertwined with two notable male deities, Dagda and Bile, who are often associated with her as lovers or consorts.

    Danu is sitting at the top of a well in a blue dress adorned with gold as well as a gold crown on her red hair. The well is located near a small lake and mountains and trees surround it.

    Source: Spells

    Being one of the oldest Celtic goddesses, Danu holds a prominent place as a mother goddess. This aspect of her persona evokes nurturing and protective qualities, embodying the primal force of creation and the generative power of the Earth itself.

    Through her name, her affiliations with the Tuatha Dé Danann, and her role as a mother goddess, the origin story of Goddess Danu encapsulates the essence of ancient Irish culture. This brings notice to her importance as a source of artistic inspiration, wisdom, and divine femininity within Celtic mythology.

    Bile: the God of Light and Healing

    Bile is depicted an a very musular and older man. he has a curly blonde beard as well as long curly blonde hair. There are two horns coming out of his head as well as wearing shoulder pad armor and a garment on his waist. In both of his hands he holds a sword pointing downward as smoke from below him creeps up.

    Source: Ireland Wide

    In the realm fairy folk and of Celtic mythology, there exists a captivating legend that intertwines the divine figures of Goddess Danu and Bile, the god of light and healing. According to ancient tales passed down through generations, Bile was represented as a sacred oak tree, standing tall and magnificent in the heart of a lush forest.

    Bile’s existence was intimately entwined with Danu, the nurturing and bountiful goddess of the land. She lovingly tended to the oak tree, providing sustenance and care, allowing it to grow in strength and vitality. Their union symbolized the balance between the masculine and feminine energies, as Bile’s light and healing powers complemented Danu’s nurturing and life-giving qualities.

    From their sacred connection, a divine child was conceived and brought into the world. This child was named Daghdha, a figure of great strength and stability, who embodied the union of his parents’ attributes. The nurturing nature of Danu’s land nurtured Daghdha, imbuing him with wisdom, vitality, and the ability to bring healing to those in need. As the legend unfolds, it becomes clear that the interdependence between Bile and Danu was essential for the flourishing of Daghdha.

    The River Danube

    Deep within Celtic folklore, there exists a timeless legend that weaves together the mystic tapestry of Goddess Danu and the mighty Danube River. The legend tells of a profound connection between Danu, the revered deity of the Celts, and the majestic river that bears her name.

    As the Celtic tribes ventured across the lands, following the course of the Danube River during their migrations, they encountered its powerful currents and witnessed the abundant life it sustained. Danu emerged as a figure intricately intertwined with the essence of the Danube River.

    She embodied the very spirit of the river, its ebb and flow, and the life-giving forces it carried within its depths. Some believed that the river’s name, with its Celtic or Scythian origins, held a profound connection to the ancient goddess, lending weight to the belief that Danu was not just a deity but an embodiment of the ancestral river itself.

    In the ancient tales, Danu was revered as the guardian and protector of the Danube River, guiding its waters and nurturing the lands it traversed. To the Celtic tribes, Danu was a symbol of their connection to river Danube, to their ancestral lands and a reminder of their reliance on the river’s resources for survival and prosperity.

    A map of the Danube River running through Germany all the way to Ukraine and Bulgaria

    Source: Geology Page

    Modern Appearances

    The modern appearances of Goddess Danu span various forms of popular media, where her ancient presence continues to captivate and inspire. On the television series “Sanctuary,” Danu takes center stage as the most prominent member of the Morrigan, showcasing her power and influence. In this rendition, she demonstrates a unique ability to learn English by making physical contact with Will, a member of Sanctuary, leading to a brief yet intense connection between them.

    The main characters of sanctuary lined up in fornt of a full moon during a cloudy night.

    Source: Rotten Tomatoes

    In the renowned comic series “Sláine” from 2000, Danu emerges as the revered mother goddess worshiped by the Sessair tribe, with the titular character Sláine being part of that tribe. Depicted as capricious and fickle, she nonetheless wages epic battles against primal forces, serving as a defender of the world of men. Meanwhile, the Irish folk band Danú takes its name as a possible reference to the mother goddess Danu and the Tuatha Dé Danann. Through their music, they pay homage to the ancient traditions and mythology of Ireland and Goddess Danu.

    Final Thoughts

    In the realm of Celtic mythology, the goddess Danu stands as a figure of profound significance and enduring reverence. From her origins as a nurturing mother and powerful earth goddess to her association with wisdom, poetry, and the bountiful forces of nature, Danu’s presence resonates across time and culture.

    Exploration of Goddess Danu’s connection to the earth has been done in Celtic mythology and even into recent media. Looking into Danu’s myths and symbols, we glimpse the wisdom and beauty of an ancient tradition, reminding us of the power of divine femininity, the cycles of life and death, and the timeless connection between humanity and the natural world. May the stories and reverence for Goddess Danu continue to illuminate our path and deepen our appreciation for the mystical wonders that lie within and around us.

    References

    Bard Mythology’s | Danu | Sandy Dunlop

    Let’s Go Ireland | Goddess Danu

    Mythopedia | Danu

  • Oya: The Yoruba Rain Goddess

    Oya: The Yoruba Rain Goddess

    Oya, the Yoruba Rain Goddess is known for her fiery spirit and being a powerful goddess in charge of storms. She has a very fierce warrior nature, but is also in charge of spirits and guarding the cemeteries. She is compassionate while staying strong. She is honest and true, and is also known for being a businesswoman that people still go to for success in their own business endeavors. Oya is still known as the goddess of the Niger River in Africa. Oya is seen as the protector and guardian of the river that is a vital source of life for the people that live among its banks. She is a protector of those who rely on the river, and is also a powerful symbol here of life and renewal. 

    Overview of Oya 

    Oya wielding lightning

    Source – Oya AboutSanteria

    Oya, who is also well known as Oia, is a very popular goddess and deity in Yoruba mythology. Those who are devoted to Oya are from the lands of Yoruba, but are especially prominent in Nigeria, Benin and Togo. She is the goddess of lightning, wind and storms. She is associated with destruction and overall transformation. Oya’s genealogy can be traced to the goddess of the sea, Yemaja. Oya is known for being a powerful warrior and for her courage in battles. Oya is the daughter of Obatala, who is the god of creation, and is also the favorite wife to Sango, who is the god of thunder and lightning. Together, the couple is not to be crossed, with her wind being used to ignite fire. 

    Titles

    • Goddess of Wind
    • Goddess of Storms
    • Goddess of Lightning
    • Goddess of Rain

     Abilities

    Oya is most commonly known as a strong warrior who is able to summon the wind, either in gentle storms or extreme hurricanes, depending on her mood. Oya is also a force to be taken seriously because she is able to also summon armies of the dead to help protect her as she goes into battle. The power that she wields over the elements makes her a very popular orisha for those who are wanting to seek protection from storms. 

    Change and transformation – Oya is seen as the goddess who has the ability to bring about change and transformation. Oya is the protector of the dead and cemeteries. She watches over the resting dead and guards these spaces because she is partially with the people in the living world and partially with the deceased.  She is known for being deeply connected to those who have passed and is said to be the one to guide the dead from the cemetery to their eternal resting place. 

    Since she is also seen as a goddess of rain, she is also known for the fertility of the earth. She is often prayed to and called upon in times of drought or when the crops are failing. Rain and the abundance of rain are things that Oya is known for having power over.

    Honesty and integrity are very important to Oya, and she oversees the transactions that take place in the markets. She is a businesswoman, and looks out for con artists and swindlers. Her connection to the market makes her very popular among traders, who often seek her blessing and ask for success in their businesses. 

    Characteristics 

    Oya slashing through a field

    Source – Life 

    Oya is known as being a fierce and striking goddess, because of her fierce and protective nature. She is depicted as being a tall woman, usually wearing a burgundy dress with a dress skirt that is woven with nine different colored cloths. On her arms, she also wears nine copper bracelets and a beaded eleke that contains dark brown and red beads that have black and white dots on them. She is often shown dancing as her skirt flows in the breeze as it spins. She is someone that is never shown wearing black.

    Oya is also usually depicted as wearing a nine-point crown with nine charms. These charms contain a shovel, a lightning bolt, a pick, an ax, a hoe, a rake, a mattock, a scythe, and a gourd. Her connection to the earth is seen in her colors of purple and brown. 

    Traits

    Oya is seen as being a very fiery and protective orisha. She is compassionate, but make sure to think twice before crossing her. She has the ability to create a gentle wind or a hurricane, and will use her powers if someone angers her. She is very protective of the spirits and the dead and is extremely caring during this time period in the life cycle. 

    Symbols 

    Oya protected the spirits and the dead

    Source – Pulse 

    Oya is often seen with a fan in one hand and a sword in the other. The fan is said to have the power to control winds and bring storms if needed. The sword is seen as something that is able to slice through the obstacles of life while also bringing about change. She is also associated with a lightning bolt, which represents how she is able to summon winds and storms. Masks are another symbol of Oya. These represent her connection to the spirits of the dead, while gravestones are symbols of the role Oya plays as protectors of the cemeteries. 

    There are also a few animals that are symbolic to Oya’s personality and her nature. Birds symbolize her ability to see all things and soar above, while the bat represents her deep connection to the spiritual realm. The deer represents how Oya is gentle and loves nature, and the insects show how she is able to transform and adapt to different situations. The water buffalo symbolizes her strength and determination. These different symbolic animals are often used in various Oya rituals and ceremonies. 

    Festivals and Rituals 

    Woman in African dress celebrating Oya

    Source – Heritage 

    The most powerful time to worship Oya is during a storm. Oya enjoys dark-colored and sweet foods. Be sure to have some chocolate, eggplant, beets, purple grapes, or wine. When the rain is falling and she sees that a storm is brewing, begin by placing a handkerchief on your altar table. Then place a sweep away/Oya candle in the middle of the handkerchief. Then anoint the candle with Pennyroyal oil on the altar. In Cuba, her feast day is February 2nd. A feast day is a day of celebration that is assigned by the church. 

    Legends associated with Oya

    Oya has many legends associated with the powers she holds over the wind. The legends here have to do with her relationships with some of the orishas and tell a little bit about her personality and the goddess she is. 

    Origin story 

    Oya and Shango

    Source – Original Botanica 

    Oya is traced back to being the daughter of Yemaja, who is the goddess of the sea. She is also the daughter of Obatala, who is the god of creation. So, she is born from the god of creation and the goddess of the sea. 

    Oya and Her Children 

    Oya in a rainstorm

    Source – Life

    When Oya decided that she wanted to have children, she found herself in the position of not being able to bear one. When this occurred, she decided to seek advice from Babalawo, who is a man capable of divination aided by the orishas, and she was told that she had to make a food offering, or an ebo. This offering contained lamb, buzios (shells used for divination), and she was to wear colorful clothes. 

    She did what she was told to do, and then she was able to get pregnant. But, not just once – she got pregnant nine times, with nine children. And from then on, her and her children were forbidden to eat lamb meat. The animal then became a symbol of her respect for being able to become pregnant for the first time. 

     The Legend of Oya and the Magic Wand 

    Oya in battle causing lightning

    Source – Original Botanica 

    In a popular legend, Oya and Ogun were married. Ogun is a powerful warrior and orisha of metal. In this story, Ogun found a magic wand that was able to split men into seven parts and women into nine different parts. He then gave this wand to Oya. Afterwards, they broke up, and Oya married Shango. Ogun was very angry and eventually found where Oya and Shango were hiding out. Shango and Ogun fought, and Ogun won the battle. After this battle, he touched Oya with her wand, and then she touched Ogun with it. Ogun was then split into seven parts under the name Ogun Meje, and Oya was split into nine parts and was given the name Iansa. This signifies her abilities to transform and change.

    Oya – The Most Powerful Orisha 

    Oya in a storm

    Source – Pinterest 

    Oya was very wise, and she wanted to have as much power as she possibly could. She decided to gain power from each of the male orishas by seducing them one by one. 

    The first was Ogun, and he was a blacksmith. From him she learned about wielding a sword so that she would be able to protect those that needed her. Next was Oshaguia, and from him she learned about protecting herself and wielding a shield. The third was Eshu, who was a trickster, and she had to learn to outsmart him. From him she learned how to use fire and magic. The fourth one was Ochossi, the hunter. He taught her how to feed her children using a bow and arrow. The sixth was Omulu, and she did not learn anything from him. He was very mysterious and her seductions did not work. The seventh was Shango, the king. She fell in love with him, and learned how to act with justice. This is how she became the most powerful orisha. 

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Oya

    In some traditions, Oya is directly related to Saint Theresa, the Catholic saint. Both St. Theresa and Oya’s feast day are celebrated on February 2nd, and they share other similarities. Oya is known as being a fierce warrior and being a protector of the dead, where St. Theresa is known for her fiery passion for God. 

    Modern appearances 

    Oya in the river

    Source – Original Botanica

    She is still revered by the people of Yoruba and has also gained popularity in many other places around the world. The importance of this Yoruba goddess has flooded into other African diaspora traditions, such as Santeria, Candomble, and Vodou, where she is more oftenly associated with the spirit of storm and transformation. 

    Oya is still known as the goddess of the Niger River in Africa. Oya is seen as the protector and guardian of the river that is a vital source of life for the people that live among its banks. She is a protector of those who rely on the river, and is also a powerful symbol here of life and renewal. 

    In modern popular culture, Oya has been portrayed in various forms of literature and films. Sometimes she is described as a seductress or trickster, while other times she is seen as a powerful and independent woman. 

    In the Marvel Comics, the character of Storm is very closely related to Oya. Storm is a mutant with full control over the weather. Oya and Storm are both able to bring storms and control the winds and are seen as being strong and independent women.

    Final thoughts

    Overall, Oya is a very powerful and fiery goddess in Yoruba culture. She is known for many things, but is mostly known for her ability to control the wind and storms. She symbolizes change, transformation, honesty, and cunningness. She is still widely popular around the world and is known as the protector of the Niger River in Africa. 

    References – 

    Oya, The Yoruba Rain Goddess

    Orisha Oya: Ruler of Storms and the Wind

    Oya Orisha – The Powerful Yoruba Goddess of Storms

  • Juno: The Goddess Of Marriage And Queen Of The Gods

    Juno: The Goddess Of Marriage And Queen Of The Gods

    Juno, the most powerful Roman goddess, reigns as the divine embodiment of marriage, childbirth, and queenly virtues. With her unwavering grace and regal authority, she holds a revered position within the Roman pantheon. Let us delve into the captivating realm of Juno, exploring her multifaceted identity and the significance she held in ancient Roman society.

    Marble statue of Juno in a gown

    Source: The Getty Museum

    This marble statue of Juno by Joseph Nollekens in 1776, shows Juno undoing her dress for Paris’s judgment as to which goddess was the most beautiful. The statue originally stood with three other statues of Minerva, Venus, and Paris.

    Overview of Juno

    Juno, also known as Juno Regina, was considered the queen of the gods in Roman mythology. She was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister and wife of Jupiter, the king of the gods. Often depicted as a majestic and radiant figure, Juno commanded respect and reverence as the protectress of women and the guardian of matrimony. She embodied fertility, motherhood, and the well-being of the Roman state.

    Titles

    • Queen of Heaven
    • Goddess of Marriage
    • Protector of Women
    • Goddess of Childbirth
    • Patroness of Matrimony
    • Goddess of Fertility 
    • Guardian of Rome
    • Queen of the Gods

    Abilities

    Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage and queen of the gods, possesses a formidable array of abilities befitting her exalted position. With her divine influence, she can bless and protect marriages, ensuring harmony and fertility within unions. Juno’s watchful gaze extends to childbirth, providing assistance and safeguarding the well-being of both mother and child. As the queen of the gods, she possesses great political acumen and holds sway over the affairs of the Roman state. Juno’s abilities encompass both the celestial and earthly realms, reflecting her vast dominion and power.

    Characteristics

    Juno’s majestic presence exudes an aura of regal authority and timeless beauty. Adorned in resplendent attire, she is often depicted wearing a diadem or crown symbolizing her royal status. Her countenance radiates grace and wisdom, her eyes revealing both compassion and sternness. Juno’s golden hair cascades in elegant waves, accentuating her celestial nature. With an upright bearing and a dignified poise, she embodies the ideals of nobility and sovereignty. Her physical form reflects the majesty and grandeur befitting the queen of the gods.

    Traits

    Juno’s multifaceted personality encompasses various traits that define her divine character. She embodies the virtues of fidelity and loyalty, valuing the sacred bond of marriage and the commitment it entails. Juno displays a protective and nurturing nature, safeguarding the sanctity of childbirth and ensuring the welfare of mothers and infants. However, she is also known for her strong will and assertiveness, demonstrating a tenacious spirit when defending her rights and the honor of married women. Juno’s presence evokes both reverence and awe, revealing a goddess who commands respect and demands devotion.

    Symbols

    Juno with crown and peacock

    Source: MythDancer

    Juno is associated with a rich tapestry of symbols that encapsulate her essence and significance. Peacock feathers symbolize her regal nature, their vibrant hues mirroring her royal bearing. The pomegranate represents fertility and abundance, signifying Juno’s role in facilitating fruitful unions and ensuring the continuity of generations. Additionally, the diadem or crown serves as a potent symbol of her status as queen of the gods. These symbols serve as reminders of Juno’s authority, influence, and her pivotal role in matters of marriage and the divine realm.

    Festivals and Rituals

    Festivals and rituals dedicated to Juno held a prominent place in ancient Roman religious practices. One of the most significant annual festivals honoring Juno was the Matronalia, celebrated on March 1st. During this festival, married women would offer prayers and sacrifices to Juno in her role as the patroness of married life and childbirth. It was a time of rejoicing and honoring the divine blessings bestowed upon women in their roles as wives and mothers. 

    Another important festival was the Nonae Caprotinae, held on July 7th, which involved the offering of figs and other fruits to Juno Caprotina. The term “Caprotina” signifies the connection of Juno with fertility and the nurturing aspects of nature. Additionally, the Junonalia, also celebrated on July 7th, involved processions and rituals to honor Juno as the queen of the gods and protector of the Roman state. These festivals provided an opportunity for the Roman people to express their devotion, seek Juno’s blessings, and reinforce the importance of marriage and family in Roman society.

    Legends Associated with Juno

    With her authority and influence, Juno played a pivotal role in shaping the destiny of Rome and the lives of its inhabitants. Let’s delve into the captivating realm of Juno, exploring her divine attributes and some of the most important legends associated with this formidable goddess.

    Juno statue holding apple

    Source: World Book

    This statue in Sokyryntsi, Ukraine shows Juno holding the golden apple of discord. In Greek mythology, the apple was inscribed with “For the Fairest.” Three goddesses, Juno (Hera), Minerva (Athena), and Venus (Aphrodite), fought over it. They asked Prince Paris of Troy to decide. Juno promised power, Minerva offered wisdom and skill, and Venus tempted him with the love of Helen of Sparta. Paris chose Venus, leading to Helen’s abduction and the Trojan War which lead to a lot of tragedy and destruction. The story reveals Juno’s desire for recognition and her involvement in the events that sparked the war.

    Origin Story

    In Roman mythology, Juno’s origin story is closely tied to the creation of the gods and the universe. She is considered the daughter of Saturn (also known as Cronus in Greek mythology) and Ops (Rhea), making her part of the second generation of gods known as the Titans. Juno’s father Saturn ruled over the Titans until he was overthrown by his son Jupiter (Zeus).

    When Jupiter ascended to power, he married Juno, making her both his sister and wife. This union elevated Juno to the position of queen of the gods. Together, Juno and Jupiter formed a divine couple with immense influence and authority in Roman mythology.

    Juno’s role as the goddess of marriage and her association with fertility and women’s protection became central to her mythology. She became the guardian of marriage and childbirth, ensuring the well-being of married couples and overseeing the birth of children. Juno’s divine authority extended to the Roman state, as she was seen as a protectress and guardian of Rome. In the Roman version of Juno’s origin story, her lineage, marriage to Jupiter, and her subsequent roles as queen of the gods and protector of marriage and women are key aspects that define her character and significance in Roman mythology.

    The Sabine Women

    One of the most renowned legends linked to Juno is the story of the Sabine Women. After the founding of Rome, Romulus and his men sought to secure wives for themselves. They abducted the women of the neighboring Sabine tribe during a festival. Juno plays a crucial role as the protector of the Sabine women. She sympathized with their plight and sought to bring an end to the conflict. Appearing to the women, Juno urged them to make peace and accept their fate as Roman wives, highlighting the importance of unity and family bonds. Through Juno’s intervention, the Sabine women, moved by her plea, intervened in the midst of the battle between their Roman husbands and Sabine fathers and brothers. They successfully reconciled the warring factions, fostering peace and creating an alliance between the Romans and the Sabines. The tale of the Sabine women portrays Juno’s influence as a goddess of marriage and her commitment to maintaining harmony in relationships. Juno’s intervention emphasizes the significance of unity and the transformative power of compassion and understanding, ultimately shaping the future of Rome and solidifying its foundation as a united city.

    Juno and the Peacock

    Another captivating legend centers around Juno and the Peacock. In this tale, Juno discovered Jupiter’s (Zeus) infidelity with the nymph Io. Juno, suspicious of her husband’s actions, transformed Io into a heifer. As a result, Jupiter gifted the heifer to Juno. She entrusted Io’s care to Argus, a giant with a hundred eyes. However, Jupiter dispatched Mercury to rescue Io. Mercury lulled Argus to sleep and slew him, liberating Io. In her grief, Juno adorned the peacock’s tail with the eyes of Argus, forever making it a symbol of her watchfulness and divine protection.

    Notably, Despite Jupiter’s infidelity, Juno remained a steadfast and dignified goddess, representing commitment and loyalty. ​​Their union symbolized the sacred bond of marriage and the balance of power in the divine realm

    The Birth of Mars

    Juno’s association with childbirth is evident in the legend of the birth of Mars, the Roman god of war. In this myth, Juno, longing to have a child without Jupiter’s involvement, sought the help of the goddess Flora. Flora granted Juno a magical flower, which Juno placed upon her belly. From this flower, Mars was born, becoming a powerful deity who played a significant role in Roman military affairs.

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Juno

    Throughout history, religions and cultures have often influenced and interacted with one another, leading to the assimilation and integration of beliefs and practices. Juno was not exempt from this phenomenon. As Rome expanded its influence, it encountered various cultures and religions, which in turn influenced the perception and worship of Juno. 

    For instance, Juno’s association with marriage drew parallels from the Greek goddess Hera, leading to the assimilation of some of Hera’s attributes into the Roman understanding of Juno. Additionally, the Etruscans, an ancient civilization in Italy, had their own goddesses associated with aspects similar to Juno, leading to potential syncretism between their deities. These influences from other religions and cultures enriched the understanding of Juno, adding depth and complexity to her mythology. The rise of Christianity also significantly influenced the Roman religious landscape, including the perception of Juno, leading to a decline in her worship. 

    Modern Appearances

    Juno’s modern appearances transcend ancient mythology, enriching our cultural landscape and inviting us to explore her timeless themes of love, family, and feminine power.

    Culture

    Juno’s essence remains in modern culture, from weddings to space missions!

    June

    The month of June is named after Juno. In the Roman calendar, June was originally the fourth month and was called “Junius” in Latin. The month of June was considered an auspicious time for weddings (as it is today!) and celebrations related to Juno’s domain. Over time, the name “Junius” eventually evolved into “June” in the English language.

    Juno to Jupiter

    NASA named one of their spacecraft set to explore Jupiter after Juno, and the Juno Mission arrived at Jupiter in 2016. ​​The choice of the name Juno reflects the mission’s focus on studying Jupiter, who was married to Juno in Roman mythology. The Juno spacecraft’s exploration of Jupiter aligns with the goddess’s connection to fertility and marriage. Just as Juno was associated with the creation of new life and the union of couples, the NASA Juno mission delves into the mysteries of Jupiter, a colossal celestial body that holds vital clues about the formation of our solar system. 

    Literature

    The following examples demonstrate how modern authors continue to draw inspiration from Juno and blend ancient mythology with contemporary storytelling. Juno’s character and influence add depth and complexity to the narratives, exploring themes of power, marriage, and the intricacies of the divine realm.

    The Goddesses of Kitchen Avenue by Barbara Samuel

    In this contemporary novel, the protagonist, Ginger, discovers her connection to the Roman goddess Juno and learns to embrace her inner strength and resilience. Juno’s themes of marriage, femininity, and personal growth are woven into the story.

    American Gods by Neil Gaiman

    While primarily focused on gods from various mythologies, including Norse and Egyptian, Juno briefly appears as one of the deities encountered by the protagonist, Shadow Moon. Juno’s presence emphasizes the diverse pantheon of gods in the novel.

    The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller 

    In this retelling of the Trojan War, Juno, (represented as her Greek counterpart, Hera) appears as a prominent character, exerting her influence and causing conflicts among the gods. Juno’s desire for revenge and her rivalry with other deities shape the events of the story.

    The House of the Vestals by Steven Saylor

    Part of the Roma Sub Rosa series, this collection of short stories features the Roman detective Gordianus the Finder. One of the stories, “Little Caesar and the Pirates,” involves a young Julius Caesar encountering Juno’s sacred geese, leading to an intriguing investigation.

    Final Thoughts

    Juno remains a captivating figure in our modern cultural landscape. From her appearances in various art forms to weddings celebrated in June, Juno continues to inspire and resonate with audiences today. Her timeless themes of love, commitment, and the power of family endure, reminding us of the profound human experiences she represents. As we delve into Juno’s multifaceted character, we discover a deity whose influence transcends time, inviting us to embrace our own inner strength, cherish the bonds we form, and celebrate the enduring power of love and marriage.

    References

    Beard, M., North, J., & Price, S. (1998). Religions of Rome: A History. Cambridge University Press.

    Cover, Natasha. “Juno: The Wrathful Matron”, MythDancer: Bringing Myths to the Modern World, April 25, 2016, http://mythdancer.blogspot.com/2016/04/juno-wrathful-matron.html. Accessed July 11, 2023.

    Dillon, M., & Garland, L. (Eds.). (2005). Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar. Routledge.

    Fowler, W. W. (2004). Roman Religion: From its Origins to the End of the Republic. Routledge.

    Kahil, Lilly. “LIMC-France (Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae).” (1996-2009). Juno. Retrieved from http://www.limc-france.fr/ark:/86869/U85270. Accessed July 10, 2023.

    Orlin, E. M. (2002). Temples, Religion, and Politics in the Roman Republic. Brill.

    Stapleton, M. L. (2012). Worshiping the Gods: Religion and Devotion in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press.

    Turcan, R. (2001). The Gods of Ancient Rome: Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times. Routledge.

    World Book. “Mythic Monday: Vigilant Juno”, June 16, 2017, https://www.worldbook.com/behind-the-headlines/Mythic-Monday-Vigilant-Juno. Accessed July 11, 2023.

  • Kichijoten: The Goddess of Beauty and Prosperity

    Kichijoten: The Goddess of Beauty and Prosperity

    Japanese mythology features numerous deities, each possessing unique qualities and virtues. Among them is Kichijoten, the goddess of beauty, art, and abundance. Revered throughout Japan, Kichijoten is known for her elegance and blessings bestowed upon those who honor her. From her captivating stories, such as the legend of the flower blossom that brought beauty to barren lands, to the tale of the moon princess who fell in love with a mortal man. These stories hold profound significance and help us understand more about Japanese mythology and the impact Kichijoten had on the people of Japan.

    Overview of Kichijoten 

    Kichijoten has many names, including Kisshoten (Heavenly Good Omen), Kisshotennyo (Heavenly Woman of Auspicious Good Fortune), and Kudokuten (Heavenly Virtuous Honors) (“Kichijoten”). All of these names emphasize her association with good fortune and prosperity. Furthermore, as one of the Seven Lucky Gods, Kichijoten occupies a special place in the hearts of the Japanese people. Devoted followers celebrate Kichijoten through various festivals and rituals dedicated to her, where people come together to honor her and seek her blessings. Through these practices, Kichijoten’s influence extends beyond mere mythology and into the lives of those who revere her.

    In this illustration, Kichijoten is draped in gold jewelry from head to toe, with glimpses of his red robe visible beneath. In her hand she holds a burning lotus flower as she stands upon a golden lotus flower with her ebony hair down.

    Source: Pinterest

    Titles

    • Goddess of Beauty
    • Goddess of Auspicious Signs
    • Patroness of Artists
    • Guardian of the Arts
    • Granter of Prosperity and Fertility
    • Bestower of Longevity and Happiness
    • Protector of Love and Compassion

    Abilities

    Kichijoten, the revered goddess of beauty, is believed to possess many extraordinary abilities. Her unparalleled beauty and allure captivate all who encounter her, and her benevolent influence extends to various domains. She is credited with the power to bring abundance and prosperity into the lives of her devotees and is associated with fertility, and bestowing blessings upon couples seeking children. Kichijoten is worshiped primarily by women, as all of her domains intersect with women, and this is partly her inheritance from Lakshmi (“Kichijoten”). Moreover, her benevolent influence extends to the realm of art, where she inspires creativity and artistic endeavors, encouraging artists to channel their talents for the benefit of humanity.

    Characteristics

    The goddess is often depicted as an exquisitely beautiful being with fair skin and captivating features. Her graceful bearing and ethereal charm make her the embodiment of elegance and allure. Kichijoten often has long hair, symbolizing vitality and abundance, and commonly wears ornate robes adorned with vibrant colors and intricate patterns, reflecting her association with art and beauty. In her hand, she often holds a peacock feather or a gem emblem of her divine presence, the feather being a symbol of beauty and good fortune, and the Nyoihoju gem appears in both Indian and Japanese art, having the power to grant wishes (Greenberg and PhD). 

    This illustration depicts the goddess of beauty and prosperity playing the flute while flying amongst flowers. She wears a long yellow robe resembling a kimono and her bun is decorated with flowers.

    Source: Allposters

    Traits

    Kichijoten is known for her compassionate and kind nature, as well as her deep love for humanity. She embodies the qualities of a loving mother figure, offering comfort and guidance to those who seek her aid. Her ability to inspire love and foster harmonious relationships among individuals is widely admired, and her grace and wisdom are considered to be of great value. Kichijoten’s benevolent spirit is rooted in a deep understanding of human desires, and she is driven by a desire to bring happiness and fulfillment to all. With her gentle and nurturing demeanor, Kichijoten is revered as a powerful force for good, offering support and guidance to all who seek it.

    Symbols

    Kichijoten holds immense significance and influence in all aspects of beauty, prosperity, and good fortune. The goddess is symbolized by many things, with the peacock being the most prominent symbol. The peacock’s iridescent feathers represent the goddess’s regal appearance and the ability to captivate with its vibrant hues. Additionally, the Nyoihoju gem is another symbol associated with Kichijoten. Commonly referred to as hōju, hōju-no-tama, or nyoi houju in Japan, this jewel holds immense significance as it bestows blessings upon those who suffer. It is said to grant wishes, pacify desires, and bring a clear understanding of the Dharma or Buddhist law (“The Wish-Fulfilling Jewel”). The Nyoihoju gem is a powerful symbol of Kichijoten’s benevolence and her desire to bring joy and good fortune to all those who seek her blessings.

    Kichijoten is shown here holding the Nyoihoju gem in her palm, dressed in a multicolored robe and gazing at the Nyoihoju gem.

    Source: Agefotostock

    Festivals and Rituals

    In Japan, Kichijoten is celebrated annually during the Kisshouten Matsuri festival in various regions of Japan. The festival serves as a platform for people to express their devotion and gratitude to the goddess of beauty and arts. The word “Matsuri” refers to comfort, prayer, and the expression of gratitude to the ritual of Nature, and it originates from the indigenous God (Shamanism), Shinto, or Buddhism (“What Is the Matsuri (Japanese Cultural Festival)?  – ANA”). During the vibrant celebration, participants engage in traditional dances, music performances, and art exhibitions, all paying homage to Kichijoten. The festival provides a showcase for artists to exhibit their talents and express gratitude to the goddess. Devotees also offer prayers and make offerings at shrines dedicated to Kichijoten, seeking her blessings for prosperity, fertility, and happiness in their lives.

    During a festival, women wearing black and gold robes are carrying a dragon. Lanterns are above them and they are all wearing gold jewelry.

    Source: Pixels

    Legends associated with Kichijoten

    The fascinating mythology and cultural significance of the Japanese goddess Kichijoten can be seen through the legends surrounding her. Known as the embodiment of beauty, art, and abundance, her origins and tales have captivated generations of worshippers. This section delves into the enchanting legends surrounding Kichijoten, shedding light on her creation and showcasing her enduring influence across different narratives.

    Origin story

    There are multiple versions regarding the origin of Kichijoten, a goddess known for her association with beauty and fertility. One such interpretation suggests that she is a fusion of earlier goddesses, including the Indian goddess Lakshmi and the Buddhist goddess Hariti. This conflation of deities reflects the influence of various religions, notably Buddhism, on the formation of Kichijoten’s character and attributes (“Kichijoten”). The amalgamation of diverse cultural and religious elements contributed to developing her unique identity as the goddess of beauty and abundance. 

    This is an illustration of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and fortune. In a red two-piece sari and adorned in gold jewelry, Lakshmi sits cross-legged on a lotus flower.

    Source: Adobe

    The Blossom of Beauty 

    As per a widely known tale, the followers of Kichijoten knew of her powers to bestow beauty upon those she favored. The story goes that a young lady named Otohime was deeply worried about her village, which was facing a severe drought, leading to a lack of crops and dwindling beauty among the villagers. Otohime sought the blessings of the goddess of beauty, and her sincere prayers drew the attention of Kichijoten, who appeared before her as a stunning woman holding a peacock feather. The goddess was impressed by Otohime’s sincerity and gave her the task of planting the feather in the heart of the village. Kichijoten promised Otohime that beauty would blossom alongside the peacock feather when it took root. Otohime followed the instructions obediently and planted the feather as directed. Soon enough, the village transformed into a haven of natural and human beauty, blessed by the goddess of beauty, Kichijoten. The beauty of the people and the surroundings were restored, and the villagers were overjoyed with the transformation that had taken place (“Kichijoten”). 

    Here is an AI generated illustration of Kichijoten's face. She has snow white skin, innocuous facial features, and small dark eyes. She is surrounded by petals that are floating in the air

    Source: creator.nightcafe.studio

    The Moon Princess and the Celestial Realm 

    According to ancient folklore, there is a tale of a moon princess who fell in love with a mortal man. However, their love was forbidden, and the princess could not join her beloved on Earth. In her desperation to be with him, the moon princess turned to Kichijoten, the goddess associated with love, beauty, and the arts, for assistance. Moved by the couple’s sad circumstances, Kichijoten decided to intervene. The goddess granted the moon princess the ability to visit her lover during the cherry blossom season when the boundaries between the celestial realm and the mortal world were thin. As the cherry blossoms bloomed, symbolizing the fleeting beauty of life, the moon princess would descend to Earth and reunite with her lover under Kichijoten’s watchful gaze. This enchanting legend beautifully highlights the goddess’s connection to love, romance, and the ephemeral beauty of nature (Greenberg and PhD). 

    The image depicts the Buddhist goddess of good fortune and beauty Kichijoten (Sanskrite: Laksmi), holding three wish-fulfilling pearls (mani) in one hand, and her other hand in a gesture of giving.

    Source: Lot-art

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Kichijoten

    Kichijoten, the Japanese goddess of beauty, fertility, and benevolence, is a fascinating example of how different religions and cultures can influence each other. As Buddhism became more prominent in Japan, Kichijoten’s character and attributes intertwined with Buddhist iconography. In some depictions, she was a manifestation of Avalokitesvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. This syncretic approach to religion, where deities from different traditions come together to create a cohesive spiritual landscape, is a defining feature of Japanese religious practices. Incorporating Kichijoten into Buddhist beliefs solidified her role as a symbol of beauty, fertility, and benevolence. Overall, Kichijoten’s story is a testament to the power of cross-cultural exchange and the richness of embracing diverse perspectives (“Discover the Beauty and Mystery of the Japanese Goddess of Beauty: Kichijoten – Old World Gods”). 

    Modern appearances 

    Throughout history, Kichijoten has symbolized everything that has to do with beauty, artistry, and prosperity. Her influence embeds itself through many forms of artistic expression, from traditional paintings and sculptures to modern-day manga and anime. As a central figure in beauty rituals and practices, people have sought her blessings for physical attractiveness and a radiant aura. Despite being less well-known than some of the other members of the Seven Lucky Gods, Kichijoten’s influence is still present in various forms of popular culture. For instance, in CLAMP’s manga RG Veda, Kisshoten is depicted as the wife of Bishamonten and the daughter of the former king, who remains loyal to her husband despite his questionable behavior. Overall, Kichijoten remains a captivating and intriguing figure whose legacy lives on (“Kichijoten”). 

    This is the front cover of RG Veda, Volume 1. The first paperback edition

    Source: Amazon

    Final thoughts

    Kichijoten, the alluring Japanese deity of beauty, artistry, and abundance, continues to captivate and inspire individuals with her divine presence. As the patroness of artists, a granter of blessings, and an embodiment of beauty, Kichijoten remains a crucial figure in Japanese mythology and culture. The festivals and rituals devoted to her are lively expressions of devotion and gratitude, ensuring that her influence endures across generations. By embracing the spirit of Kichijoten, people are encouraged to seek inner beauty, foster their creativity, and manifest prosperity in their lives, ultimately embodying the divine essence of this revered goddess in their daily pursuits.

    References 

    “Discover the Beauty and Mystery of the Japanese Goddess of Beauty: Kichijoten – Old World Gods.” Oldworldgods, 11 June 2023, oldworldgods.com/japanese/kichijoten-goddess-of-beauty/. Accessed 11 July 2023.

    Greenberg, Mike, and PhD. “Kichijoten: The Lucky Goddess of Beauty.” Mythologysource, 21 Dec. 2020, mythologysource.com/kichijotenl-japanese-goddess/.

    “Kichijoten.” Mythopedia, mythopedia.com/topics/kichijoten.

    “The Wish-Fulfilling Jewel.” JAPANESE MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE, 10 Dec. 2012, japanesemythology.wordpress.com/the-wish-fulfilling-jewel/#:~:text=Known%20as%20the%20h%C5%8Dju%20%E5%AE%9D%E7%8F%A0. Accessed 11 July 2023.

    “What Is the Matsuri (Japanese Cultural Festival)? – ANA.” ANA, 2018, www.ana.co.jp/en/kh/japan-travel-planner/japanese-festival-omatsuri/0000001.html#:~:text=The%20original%20purpose%20of%20the. Accessed 11 July 2023.

  • Kannon: Goddess Of Mercy

    Kannon: Goddess Of Mercy

    The Kannon Bodhisattva occupies an esteemed position in Japanese Buddhism, symbolizing the personification of compassion, mercy, and enlightenment. Bodhisattva refers to someone who achieves enlightenment but postpones Buddhahood until everyone is on the path to salvation. Kannon’s tales recount her struggle to rescue all living beings from the cycle of life and suffering, and the story of the Thousand-Armed Kannon illustrates how firmly rooted she is in ancient mythology. Kannon’s continued presence in present-day spiritual practices is a source of inspiration and guidance for millions of individuals in Japan and beyond.

    Overview of Kannon 

    The Kannon Bodhisattva, known as the Kanzeon or Kuan Yin, has various names and embodiments in different cultures and traditions. Kannon is the contemporary Japanese interpretation of Guanyin. In its original form, Guanshiyin means “One Who Perceives the Sounds of the World,” a direct translation of Kannon’s primary Indian name, “One Who Perceives All.” However, the proper Japanese name for Kannon is Kanzeon Bosatsu. In Japanese mythology, Kannon takes on divine characteristics and is a popular deity, perhaps the most widely worshiped bodhisattva in Japan revered across Eastern and Southern Asia (“Kannon”).

    As seen in this illustration, Kannon wears gold jewelry and a white robe while sitting on grass, admiring a flower.

    Source: Thanhamthugian

    Titles

    • Bodhisattva of Compassion
    • Savior from Suffering 
    • Goddess of Mercy

    Abilities

    The Kannon Bodhisattva is a revered deity in Japanese Buddhism and represents divine nature and compassion. Kannon possesses extraordinary abilities that demonstrate her divine nature and compassionate qualities. One of her most prominent abilities is having the power to hear the pleas and suffering of all beings and respond to their prayers with compassion and mercy. Devotees turn to Kannon for healing and seek solace in times of illness, believing in the bodhisattva’s power to provide physical and spiritual healing. In addition, Kannon oversees fertility and grants blessings for safe childbirth and the well-being of children (“Kannon Bodhisattva (Bosatsu) – Goddess of Mercy, One Who Hears Prayers of the World, Japanese Buddhism Art History”). 

    Characteristics

    Originally depicted as male, modern-day Kannon often appears as a female in China, Japan, and other East Asian countries. Each nation dressed Kannon differently, reflecting their own temperaments and spiritual concepts. Additionally, Kannon can take on thirty-three different forms, including one with a thousand arms and a horse-headed form, in which she protects pets in the afterlife. In the Lotus Sutra (a sacred text of Buddhism), Kannon can take the form of any god or bodhisattva in India. In Japanese art, Kannon sometimes is shown holding a magic jewel, a Nyoi Hoju, on which she makes wishes for the world. At times, she has a multi-armed form, holding many symbols of Buddhism, including weapons, and is depicted with as many as eleven heads, drawing on the imagery of naga (mythical serpent beings). The praise-worthy Kannon Bodhisattva possesses a compassionate nature, extraordinary abilities, and unique characteristics, which all help her in that her an important symbol of Japanese Buddhism (“Kannon”).

    With the moon shining brightly in the background, Kannon is depicted seated on a rock, accompanied by a dragon.

    Source: MutualArt

    Traits

    Kannon, the revered bodhisattva of compassion and mercy, is widely recognized as the keeper of peace and the reliever of troubles. Her virtuous personality traits inspire devotion and admiration among followers, as she embodies the importance of empathy and kindness. Kannon’s boundless compassion is the foundation of her role as a savior and protector of all beings, while her profound wisdom guides devotees on the path toward spiritual awakening. Her selflessness is an exemplary model for practitioners, encouraging them to transcend ego-driven desires and embrace altruism.

    Symbols

    Deeply rooted in Buddhist iconography, the Kannon Bodhisattva has various symbols of significant spiritual meaning. The lotus flower, a powerful metaphor for spiritual purity and awakening, represents Kannon’s ability to transcend the cycle of birth and death. The vase of compassion, held in her hands, contains water, from which she pours out mercy to alleviate the suffering of beings and bestow blessings upon them. In many illustrations, Kannon holds a string of prayer beads, symbolizing the continuous recitation of mantras and the cultivation of mindfulness. These symbols enhance Kannon’s visual representation and remind devotees of her compassionate nature and her role in guiding them toward enlightenment. 

    In this illustration, Kannon sits cross-legged in the forest adorned with gold jewelry and beautiful white robes, perched next to a small golden fountain.

    Source: Fine Art America

    Festivals and Rituals

    People celebrate Kannon throughout the year in various festivals and rituals, such as the Kannon Matsuri held in Japan. Devotees gather to express their gratitude and seek blessings from the compassionate bodhisattva. The ceremonies involve offering prayers, lighting incense, and donating at Kannon temples, signifying their devotion and desire for spiritual guidance. Kannon worship is essentially non-denominational and widespread, as she is worshiped independently as a savior par excellence by many sects, including Japan’s Pure Land Sects, the Nichiren sect, the Zen sect, the Tendai and Shingon sects of Esoteric Buddhism, and nearly all Buddhist sects (“Kannon Bodhisattva (Bosatsu) – Goddess of Mercy, One Who Hears Prayers of the World, Japanese Buddhism Art History”). The statues of Kannon made in Japan since the early days after the introduction of Buddhism during the Asuka Period are now registered as National Treasures, attesting to her enduring influence and significance in Buddhist culture (“Kannon Goddess of Mercy | Japan Experience”).

    An illustration of red Asakusa Kannon Temple, one of the most important temples in Japan.

    Source: Etsy

    Legends associated with Kannon

    The Kannon Bodhisattva has many legends that enhance her character and offer a deeper understanding of her origins and significance. Although various tales are associated with this divine figure, some are better known than others. 

    Origin story

    The origin story of the revered Kannon Bodhisattva varies among different sources. One version recounts that Kannon was born from a tear shed by Amitabha Buddha, who was stricken with grief after witnessing how humans experienced such immense agony and suffering. This tear transformed into Kannon, who then vowed to alleviate suffering and lead beings to enlightenment (“Kannon Bodhisattva (Bosatsu) – Goddess of Mercy, One Who Hears Prayers of the World, Japanese Buddhism Art History”). Similar to the religion of Buddhism, what scholars know for sure is that Kannon, similarly to Buddhism, also originated in India with the deity Avalokiteshvara. As Buddhism spread into China, it is likely that the religion blended with local Taoist goddesses and eventually became known as Guanyin. Guanyin originates from the Japanese word Kannon (“Kannon Goddess of Mercy | Japan Experience”). The various origin stories of Kannon demonstrate the profound influence of Buddhism on many cultures throughout history.

    A white robed Kannon appears in this illustration, seated on a dragon with the moon shining behind her.

    Source: Honolulu Museum of Art

    The Thousand-Armed Kannon 

    There was a prince who became disheartened by the suffering and agony he witnessed in the world around him. Wanting to make a difference, he renounced his royal status and devoted himself to enlightenment. Through intense devotion and rigorous practices he reached enlightenment and transformed into the Thousand-Armed Kannon. Each arm symbolizes a compassionate act, exemplifying her ability to reach out and assist countless beings at once. The legend is a powerful story of compassion and empathy, inspiring many to follow in the prince’s footsteps and strive for enlightenment (“Kannon Goddess of Mercy | Japan Experience”).

    In this illustration, Kannon is depicted wearing gold jewelry and a white robe while perched on a tree stump.

    Source: Etsy

    Life and Suffering  

    In one story, Kannon struggled with her mission to liberate all beings from the cycle of samsara, or birth and rebirth, and the accompanying suffering. She became overwhelmed by the task, feeling powerless to save everyone. In response to her struggle, Amida Buddha, a prominent figure in some Buddhist traditions, bestowed upon Kannon eleven heads and a thousand arms. With these additional appendages, Kannon could see, hear, and perceive everything, enhancing her ability to help everyone. As a result, Kannon is often depicted in art with multiple arms and heads, representing her expanded capacity to see and serve all beings (“Kannon”).

    In this illustration, Kannon rides a golden dragon with a cloudy sky above her and the sea beneath her, and she wears white clothing and gold jewelry.

    Source: Onmarkproductions

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Kannon Bodhisattva 

    Throughout history, the perception of the Kannon Bodhisattva has evolved and been shaped because of external influences, including other religions and cultures. One notable example is the interaction between Buddhism and indigenous beliefs in Japan, which has played a significant role in defining the understanding of Kannon in that country. Specifically, the blending of Shintoism, Japan’s indigenous religion, with Buddhism has resulted in a syncretic form of worship that centers around Kannon. This fusion has helped establish Kannon as a compassionate and benevolent deity who protects and guides everyday individuals. The resulting perception of Kannon has impacted Japanese culture and society and continues to be a vital aspect of spiritual life in Japan to this day (“Kannon Goddess of Mercy | Japan Experience”). 

    Modern appearances 

    Kannon, and its counterpart Guanyin, are highly regarded entities in Buddhism and are frequently depicted in both religious and popular contexts. The imagery of Kannon is widely recognized in various forms of artwork and serves as a significant symbol in Buddhist iconography. One of the most iconic portrayals of Kannon is as Guanyin in the celebrated 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West. This epic tale has inspired countless adaptations, including the popular television show, The New Legends of Monkey, and the media franchise, Dragon Ball, where Guanyin’s character continues to enthrall audiences. The influence of Kannon extends beyond the religious and literary realms, permeating into everyday life and modern culture. It is worth noting that the Japanese photograph and imaging company, Canon, derived its name from Kannon. The choice of this name is rooted in the deity’s association with all-seeing abilities, which mirrors the company’s commitment to producing advanced and visionary imaging technology (“Kannon”). 

    The front cover of Journey to the West. Among the creatures are a monkey and an animal that appears to be a wolf, who are dressed in clothes and seem to conduct themselves accordingly, accompanied by three humans dressed in traditional Japanese attire, as well as a white horse. They are all sailing in a canoe across the ocean.

    Source: The Journey to the West, Revised Edition, Volume 4

    Final thoughts

    The Kannon Bodhisattva, a prominent figure in Buddhist mythology, boasts a rich and fascinating history that holds great significance within Japanese culture. With a synthesis of Buddhism and indigenous beliefs, Kannon has come to embody qualities such as compassion, mercy, and spiritual guidance, making her a beloved and revered symbol for Buddhists and non-Buddhists alike. As Kannon continues to inspire and captivate devotees, her presence can be felt in various forms of art and popular culture, reaffirming her timeless relevance and enduring impact on those seeking solace, enlightenment, and a deeper connection to the divine.

    References 

    “Kannon.” Mythopedia, mythopedia.com/topics/kannon#popular-culture. Accessed 9 July 2023.

    “Kannon Bodhisattva (Bosatsu) – Goddess of Mercy, One Who Hears Prayers of the World, Japanese Buddhism Art History.” Www.onmarkproductions.com, www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kannon.shtml.

    “Kannon Goddess of Mercy | Japan Experience.” Www.japan-Experience.com, www.japan-experience.com/plan-your-trip/to-know/understanding-japan/kannon.

  • Inari: The God/Goddess Of Prosperity, Rice, And Agriculture

    Inari: The God/Goddess Of Prosperity, Rice, And Agriculture

    In the rich tapestry of Japanese mythology and culture, one deity stands out above all others – Inari, the divine patron of prosperity, rice, and agriculture. The revered figure Inari is honored through lively festivals and takes on both male and female forms, each with its unique names, attributes, and symbols that reflect their intricate nature and divine abilities. From Inari’s origins in ancient lore to their role in saving Japan from famine, Inari has earned a place of honor and reverence, with more shrines dedicated to their worship than any other kami in Japan.

    Overview of Inari 

    Inari is a revered god/goddess in Japanese mythology, deeply ingrained in the country’s agricultural heritage. The goddess of prosperity takes many names, such as Ō-Inari, Ukanomitama-no-kami, and Omiyanome-no-kami. Inari is rooted in the word ine, meaning rice seedling, and translates to ‘rice carrier’ (“Inari”). Inari’s influence extends to the prosperity of farmers and merchants, serving as a guardian deity who protects crops from harm and ensures bountiful yields for their devoted followers. To this day, Inari’s legacy carries on as the deity remains highly respected and celebrated in Japanese culture.

    This illustration depicts Inari as a female with long black hair flowing down to her waist, wearing a red and white kimono robe. It appears that Inari is walking side by side with two white foxes in a field at night, with the moon shining brightly behind her.

    Source: Aminoapps

    Titles

    • The Queen of Rice Fields
    • Patroness of Farmers and Merchants 
    • Goddess of Prosperity and Abundance 
    • Bringer of Fertility and Wealth
    • Guardian of Agriculture and Grain

    Abilities 

    According to ancient Japanese folklore, Inari, the patron god/goddess of agriculture and prosperity, possesses many divine powers. Among these abilities, Inari has the power to bestow bountiful harvests, bring financial success, and safeguard agricultural endeavors against misfortune and disasters. Furthermore, Inari’s influence extends beyond agriculture, as Inari possesses healing powers capable of curing many afflictions, including coughs, toothaches, broken bones, and syphilis (“Inari – New World Encyclopedia”). 

    Characteristics

    In Japanese illustrations, the deity Inari takes diverse forms, including male and female representations. Scholar Karen Ann Smyers reports that the most widespread depictions of Inari are those of a youthful female food goddess, an elderly male carrying rice, and an androgynous bodhisattva. It is essential to note that no one form of depiction is incorrect, as gender preference varies depending on regional traditions and individual beliefs. Notably, Inari is extensively associated with kitsune, the fox, symbolizing their affiliation with the spiritual realm. As a result, many illustrations of Inari typically feature foxes (“Inari”).

    Inari is depicted in this illustration as a beautiful woman with soft features: her hair is swept back in a bun, and she wears a red kimono with gray details. Behind her are two white foxes and in front of her are three beautiful flowers, as well as a bouquet in her hand.

    Source: Wattpad

    Traits

    Inari embodies many positive qualities, including generosity, empathy, and nurturing nature, all of which contribute to the well-being and prosperity of their devoted followers. Inari is celebrated for their unwavering kindness towards humanity and fiercely protects and supports those who worship them. The god/goddess’s commitment to the betterment of their worshippers is a testament to Inari’s divine power and influence. 

    Symbols

    Inari is a prominent figure in Japanese folklore, and their attributes and influence are often visually represented through various symbols. One of the most well-known symbols of Inari is the fox, or kitsune, which is a supernatural creature in Japanese mythology. Kitsune is a messenger or divine familiar (“Inari”), and it is no surprise that this creature is associated with Inari, as the deity is a protector of agriculture and fertility.

    Another symbol commonly associated with Inari is rice, as they are known as The Queen of rice fields. Rice bags are a significant symbol representing Inari’s connection to agriculture and rice cultivation. Offering these items to Inari is seen as a sign of devotion and a desire for abundance. Additionally, torii gates are another important symbol that is associated with Inari. These gates are at the entrance of Shinto shrines dedicated to Inari and represent the boundary between the human world and the spiritual realm.

    The illustration depicts a white fox, also known as a kitsune, who looks back as the moon shines behind him. The Kitsune is one of the most widely recognized symbols of Inari.

    Source: Japanobjects.com

    Festivals and Rituals

    The worship of Inari is deeply ingrained in Japanese culture and consists of a series of vibrant festivals and rituals held throughout the year. Across Japan, there are over 40,000 shrines dedicated to the god, ranging from small local shrines to grand, elaborate structures. Perhaps the most famous of these is the Fushimi Inari Shrine near Kyoto. The shrine is considered the oldest and most important shrine dedicated to Inari. Here, visitors can marvel at the shrine’s impressive red torii gates and fox statues, which honor the animal that serves as Inari’s messenger and guardian (“Inari”).

    One of the most highly anticipated events in the Inari worship calendar is the O-Inari-san Festival, which takes place annually at the Fushimi Inari Taisha in Kyoto. Devotees gather from all over the country to pay homage and offer prayers to Inari, seeking blessings for prosperity, business success, and good fortune. The festival includes an array of intricate rituals, including the presentation of rice, sake, and symbolic items, as well as expressions of gratitude and requests for favor from Inari.

    In this image you can see the striking vermilion torii gates that span a network of trails behind the main buildings of the Fushimi Inari Shrine (Fushimi Inari Taisha, Fushimi Inari Taisha).

    Source: Omamori

    Legends associated with Inari 

    The revered deity Inari, whose influence extends to prosperity and agriculture, has an intriguing history filled with captivating legends. The legends passed down over generations provide a window into the mystical origins of Inari. By connecting Inari to Japan’s cultural and spiritual heritage, these stories deepen our understanding of the deity and their significance.

    Origin story

    The origin of Inari has been a topic of interest among various sources and folklore. One prevalent account suggests that Inari was born from the divine union of the gods Izanagi and Izanami. According to this myth, Inari emerged alongside her siblings as part of the pantheon of Shinto deities, representing fertility, agriculture, and prosperity.

    Another variation proposes that Inari was first worshiped on Mount Inari in the 8th century following an intriguing discovery by a man named Hata no Irogu. As the story goes, Irogu was practicing his archery skills using sticky rice cakes (mochi) as targets when one of his shots hit directly through a cake, which magically transformed into a white dove. Fascinated, Irogu followed the bird, which landed on a peak of Mt. Inari called Mitsumine. There, he discovered rice growing and began to worship Inari as a spirit or Shinto kami, seeing Inari as the deity of rice, agriculture, and prosperity (“Inari”).

    In this illustration, Inari appears to be looking down from heaven as a woman. A white robe covers Inari, who is wearing her black hair half up and half down.

    Source: Mythopedia

    Saving Japan From Famine 

    According to legend, Inari descended from the heavens down to Japan during a great famine. As Inari rode a magnificent white fox, Inari carried sheaves of cereal or grain. Interestingly, the term “Ine,” used today to refer to rice, was the name of the cereal that Inari brought with them. This cereal was not rice but grain that grew in swamps. According to the legend, during ancient times, Japan was mostly swamp and water land, which makes it all the more fascinating to imagine the scene of Inari arriving on their white fox, bearing the gift of life-giving cereal (Wikipedia Contributors).

    In this illustration, Inari appears to be descending from heaven on a magnificent white fox carrying cereal sheaves.

    Source: Japanesemythologyblog

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Inari

    Throughout history, Inari’s veneration has been shaped and influenced by the syncretism of religious practices adopted over time. Of particular note is the introduction of Buddhism to Japan, which impacted the perception and recognition of Inari. This impact led to establishing Buddhist temples and statues close to Inari shrines, resulting in a fusion of beliefs and blurring the lines between the two. Over time, Inari became increasingly associated with the Buddhist figure Dakiniten, the goddess of harvest and fertility (Wikipedia Contributors). This association expanded Inari’s role and attributes and cemented their place in Japan’s cultural and spiritual landscape. 

    Modern appearances 

    In contemporary media, Inari is a popular character in manga, anime, and video games, often symbolizing wealth and good fortune. One example is the Persona series, a spinoff of the larger Megami Tensei video game franchise. In the game, Yusuke Kitagawa (inspired by Inari) dons a fox mask and tail (“Inari”).

    The illustration depicts Yusuke Kitagawa (inspired by Inari) from the Persona series. His hair is gray and he is wearing a white jacket with a grey shirt underneath.

    Source: Persona-records

    In the World of Darkness role-playing game universes, kitsune, the legendary fox spirits, are present in both the classic World of Darkness and the follow-up Chronicles of Darkness. In the latter, kitsune are changing breeds whose unique abilities are bestowed upon them by Inari (“Inari”).

    As part of the World of Darkness role-playing game universe, this illustration depicts a shapeshifting Kitsune. Wearing battle gear and carrying a blood-smeared sword, the werefox is holding a sword smeared with blood. The abilities of the werefoxes were bestowed by Inari.

    Source: Japaneseonimasks

    Final thoughts

    The god/goddess Inari is highly esteemed among the Japanese people. Their story is steeped in legend, featuring mystical fox messengers and a magical rice sack, which illustrate Inari’s role as a provider of prosperity and protector of agriculture. As various religious practices and Buddhism merged, Inari’s significance evolved and changed because of the development of new customs. Even today, Inari’s cultural importance extends beyond ancient traditions and remains relevant in contemporary contexts, showcasing the enduring influence of this venerated deity.

    References 

    “Inari.” World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Inari/.

    “Inari.” Mythopedia, mythopedia.com/topics/inari.

    “Inari – New World Encyclopedia.” Www.newworldencyclopedia.org, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Inari.

    Wikipedia Contributors. “Inari Ōkami.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Dec. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami.

  • The Morrigan: Triple Goddess of Death

    The Morrigan: Triple Goddess of Death

    In Celtic mythology, the goddess Morrigan is depicted as a triple goddess. She exists as three distinct but interconnected Goddesses. She is associated with sovereignty, as she could grant or withdraw power from rulers, and was known to appear on the battlefield as a harbinger of doom, foretelling the outcome of conflicts and inspiring warriors to fight fiercely.

    Morrigan has remained a source of inspiration through appearing in forms of literature, art, and modern pagan practices. Her image as a powerful and mysterious goddess creates an interesting tale for Celtic Mythology and how they perceive the afterlife.

    Overview

    Morrigan dressed in green clothing with Celtic jewelry and a crow perched on her forearm

    Source: Irish Wishes

    The Morrigan is an Irish goddess prominently featured in Irish mythology. She is often associated with death and is considered a guardian of the dead. As a shapeshifter, she possesses the ability to transform into various forms, including those of crows or ravens. In Irish mythology, the Morrigan is a complex deity. Known as a triple goddess, consisting of three distinct entities: Macha, Badb, and Nemain. Each aspect of the Morrigan represents different aspects of war, fate, and sovereignty.

    As a goddess of death, Morrigan is believed to have a close connection to the realm of the dead. She is sometimes seen as guiding and protecting the souls of deceased warriors, ensuring their safe passage to the Netherworld. Morrigan’s role in Irish mythology extends beyond her association with death. Her presence on the battlefield is often seen as an omen of impending conflict or as a catalyst for inspiring warriors to fight courageously.

    Also, adding to her associations with death and sovereignty, the Morrigan is known for her prophetic abilities. Understanding her Irish origin’s help us connects her to Celtic mythology. She continues to be respected and celebrated as a powerful goddess. Morrigan carries both the cycle of life and death and the powers of shape shifting. Understanding her Irish origin’s help us connects her to Celtic mythology.

    T​itles

    • The Morrigan Goddess
    • The Celtic Goddess of Death
    • Morrígu
    • The Celtic Goddess Morrigan
    • Great Queen Goddess Morrigan
    • The Morrighan
    • The Morrigan Celtic Goddess
    • The Great Queen
    • The Queen of the Triple Goddesses
    • “Irish Kali”
    • The Phantom Queen
    • Keeper of death

    A​bilities

    The goddess Morrigan exhibits a diverse range of abilities that prove her power and influence in Irish mythology. As a deity who moves through the cycle of life and death, she holds a deep understanding of the mysteries of existence. Her connection to power, energy, and warfare emphasizes her role as an intimidating force in battle. Making her capable of empowering warriors and foretelling the outcomes of conflicts. However, Morrigan’s abilities extend beyond the realm of war. She is also depicted as a healer, possessing the capacity to mend wounds and restore vitality.

    She assumes the role of a protector of the land. As an Irish goddess, she symbolizes the essence of death and serves as a guardian of the dead, guiding departed souls to the Netherworld. The Morrigan’s abilities highlight her complex nature and the vast scope of her influence in the realms of life, death, power, and protection.

    Characteristics

    The goddess Morrigan possesses an awe-inspiring and eerie presence that strikes fear into the hearts of those who meet her. With her unsettling appearance, she emanates an aura of darkness and mystery. Often depicted as a fearsome and frightening figure, her appearance gives a sense of unease and dread. In her manifestations as a human hag, Morrigan takes on a form that reflects her connection to the darker aspects of existence.

    Purple clouds are behind Goddess Morrigan as she is in a red cape with two crows on her shoulder.

    Source: Myth and Folklore Wiki

    Through her twisted and weathered features, she is the embodiment of age and decay. It gives a sense of ancient wisdom and primal power. It’s in this form that she has otherworldly energy, captivating all who behold her. The combination of her eerie appearance and ability to transform into a human hag creates a character that is both haunting and enigmatic. This leaves an impression on those who meet her in the realm of myth and legend.

    Traits

    The goddess Morrigan possesses a complex personality that make her a compelling figure in Celtic mythology. She encompasses both dark and light aspects. On one hand, she exudes an aura of strength, power, and ferocity. Her fierce and unwavering nature reflects her role as a goddess of war and death. She is unyielding in her determination and fearlessly confronts challenges head-on.

    However, beneath her exterior, there is also a mysterious side to Morrigan. She possesses an innate wisdom and a deep understanding of the cycles of life and death. This gives her a profound connection to the realm of fate and the unseen forces. Her ability to foretell the future and manipulate destiny adds to her air of mystery.

    While often associated with war and death, Morrigan is not without compassion and protective instincts. She has been known to act as a guardian of the land, showing concern for the well-being of the Irish people and their sovereignty. Her presence evokes a mixture of fear and fascination, making her a captivating and unforgettable goddess in the realm of Celtic mythology.

    Symbols

    The symbols associated with the goddess Morrigan carry deep meaning and show her connection to death, transformation, and ancient spiritual practices. Crows and ravens, known for their association with death and the afterlife, serve as potent symbols representing the Morrigan’s role as a guardian of the dead. These intelligent birds, often seen feasting on and transforming the bodies of the deceased, mirror her power to guide souls through the cycle of life and death.

    Lunar circles and snake coils are also significant symbols associated with the Morrigan. The lunar circles represent the moon’s influence on the flow of life and death. This symbolizes her connection to the cycles of nature and the passage of time. The snake coils and triple snake spirals reflect her transformative abilities and the shedding of old skin to reveal new beginnings. They represent the cycle of rebirth and renewal, capturing the Morrigan’s association with both death and regeneration.

    A black and white depiction of Morrigan in a corset with a sword and crow on her back and a spear in her hand as crows fly behind her during a full moon.

    Source: Connolly Cove

    Another notable symbol linked to the Morrigan is the grand megalithic tomb-shrine in Newgrange, Ireland. This ancient site is believed to hold deep spiritual significance and aligns with her role as a guardian of the dead. The tomb-shrine, with its intricate stone carvings and celestial alignments, serves as a powerful representation of her connection to the ancestral spirits and the sacredness of the earth.

    Festivals and Rituals

    Festivals and rituals dedicated to the goddess Morrigan were vibrant and mystical affairs. They were characterized by the formation of circles and the transmission of energy through energetic ring dances. Women would gather together to form sacred circles that represented the unity of the divine feminine. Within these circles, they would engage in intricate and rhythmic movements, creating a swirling and circling motion that symbolized the eternal cycles of life, death, and rebirth. These ring dances served as a conduit for the transmission of energy from the elements.

    The festivals and rituals dedicated to the Morrigan were rich in symbolism and intention. They celebrated the transformative power of the goddess, honoring her role as a guide through the realms of life, death, and regeneration. Through the energetic ring dances, participants sought to align themselves with the cosmic forces and tap into the divine energy inherent in the natural world.

    A black and white depiction of Morrigan over a battlefield as the wind blows through her hair during a full moon with a shield and spear in her hand.

    Legends associated with Morrigan

    Being known as the goddess of death and Irish goddess of war there are many legends that mention Morrigan’s name. Most of them taking place on the battlefield and through the eyes of men afraid for their lives.

    Origin Story

    The origin story of the goddess Morrigan traces back to the Copper Age, where she emerged as a dominant deity in Europe. She was associated with the three phases of the moon: maiden, mother, and crone. These are symbolizing the cycles of life, transformation, and wisdom. As a prominent figure in Irish mythology, she belonged to the Tuatha de Danann, a group of gods and goddesses descended from Nemed.

    A portrait of Morrigan with two crows surrounding her with a Celtic crown on her head with a green dress and Celtic jewelry on.

    Source: Moonfall Metaphysical

    According to myth, the Tuatha de Danann resided in a mythical country described as the underworld. During the time of Morrigan, the Celtic culture placed great importance on warfare, and it was not uncommon for women to take part actively in battle. Morrigan, the fierce and unyielding spirit and evil goddess of warfare, became a revered figure among warriors.

    While Morrigan’s origin story does not specifically mention a consort, it is suggested that her later days consisted of keeping lovers. Her role as a warrior goddess, seer, and guide of the dead contributed to her revered status among the Celtic pantheon. As a formidable and influential figure, she continues to captivate the imagination and stay a central part of Irish mythology.

    Morrigan and Cu Chulainn

    Three versions of Morrigan coming from a cauldron. The three different versions are a pregnant woman an old woman hunched over and a pale woman looking lost.

    Source: Amayo Druid

    The legend of Morrigan and Cu Chulainn recounts the fateful encounters between the two during the defense of Ulster against Queen Maeve. Morrigan, deeply infatuated with Cu Chulainn, sought to seduce him but was met with his rejection. Enraged by this rejection, the shape-shifting goddess transformed into an eel and swam up to Cu Chulainn, tripping him as he traversed a fjord.

    Cu Chulainn, quick to react, punched at the eel and managed to harm it temporarily. However, the eel transformed into a massive wolf, driving a herd of cattle towards Cu Chulainn. Using his sling-shot, Cu Chulainn struck Morrigan in the eye, temporarily blinding her. The goddess then transformed into a cow, inciting the herd to stampede towards Cu Chulainn. Yet, he avoided the cows and struck Morrigan with a stone, breaking her leg and forcing her to surrender.

    Returning from the battle, Cu Chulainn encountered an elderly lady tending to a cow. Unaware that this woman was the Morrigan in disguise, he engaged her in conversation and accepted a drink of milk from her. Unknowingly, Cu Chulainn blessed the old woman again, inadvertently healing the Morrigan and restoring her strength.

    Though healed, Morrigan did not engage Cu Chulainn in further combat, as she had already outsmarted him and used his unwitting aid to restore herself. During this battle, Cu Chulainn sustained mortal wounds. Determined to face his enemies even in death, he tied himself to a boulder with twine. As he neared his final moments, a crow landed on his shoulder, and he peacefully drifted off to eternal slumber.

    T​he Three Sisters

    In the legends of the Morrigan and her three sisters, Badb, Nemain, and Macha, a powerful trio emerges, each with different aspects of war, death, and transition. Badb, often identified as Morrigan herself, takes the form of a crow, earning her the title “Battle Crow.” She circles the battlefield, guiding fallen soldiers to the afterlife. The sight of Badb flying above the warriors brings fear. They believe it signifies that they are to die in battle. Soldiers would even leave the fallen on the field for a day, hoping that Morrigan would claim their souls and guide them to the underworld.

    Three different versions of the same red haired woman. One is a young adult who looks ready for battle in Celtic blue Celtic armor, one looks as if the battle has passed with short hair and dramatic face paint, the other is an old woman with similar face paint but not in armor.

    Source: Axel Barel

    Nemain, another sister, assumes the role of the comfort goddess in the transition of death. Her specific battle cries serve as omens of impending demise, striking fear into the hearts of those who hear them. Macha, the third sister, shares a striking resemblance to Morrigan, often appearing as a crow on the battlefield. This similarity sometimes causes confusion between the two goddesses. Macha, like Morrigan, is associated with war and land, intertwining the concepts of conflict and sovereignty.

    Final thoughts

    The goddess Morrigan stands as a captivating figure within Celtic mythology, as a sign of the puzzling realms of death, transformation, and warfare. As an Irish deity, she holds a significant place in ancient folklore and continues to captivate the imagination of those intrigued by the mysticism of the Celtic pantheon. From her role as a guardian of the dead and a shapeshifter who moves through the cycles of life and death, to her associations with power, energy, and enchantment, Morrigan’s multifaceted nature is a testament to the depth of the Celtic belief system. Her symbolism, represented by crows and ravens, lunar circles and snake coils, and the grand megalithic tomb-shrine, amplifies her mysterious allure

    Morrigan’s legends and tales, including her encounters with figures like Cu Chulainn and her connection to her three sisters, shows the myth and magic that is explored in Celtic mythology. Morrigan’s tales and legends help us understand how Celtic Mythology interprets the after-life.

    Sources

    Druidry

    The Irish Road Trip

    Mythopedia

  • Isis: Goddess of Magic

    Isis: Goddess of Magic

    Isis is known as one of the most important goddesses in ancient Egyptian history. Known for her incredible healing and magical powers, Isis is a maternal role model to the women of Egypt and her importance stretched to Europe and the Middle East. Her powers are one of the strongest magical powers of the gods. Isis is perhaps best known for her relationship to the king of the underworld, Osiris. At one point, Isis and Osiris became the most worshiped deities in Egypt. 

    Overview of Isis

    Isis is best known for being the goddess of healing and magic and is specifically geared toward protecting women and women’s issues. The name “Isis” is actually the Greek name for the goddess, but Egyptians knew her by “Aset.” Isis is well-known for her relationship to Osiris. The two are siblings and were in love with each other since the womb. In the first millennium BCE, Osiris and Isis became the most worshiped deities and a “power couple” of ancient Egyptian mythology. Their son Horus solidified that family as a divine trinity and a powerful Egyptian family.

    A golden statue of Horus, Osiris and Isis.

    Source: Louvre

    Titles

    The name Isis, and Aset, translates to “Queen of the Throne.” Isis is a mother figure and lots of her titles relate to that aspect of her. “The mother of all gods” and “divine mother” are just two examples. “Queen of all gods, goddesses and mothers” is another popular title for Isis.

    Abilities

    Isis has a variety of abilities, mostly revolving around her magical powers. Isis is known as the bringer of magic, and she was able to use that magic to heal others, bring back the dead, transform objects and more. Her magical powers were the strongest of all of the other Egyptian gods and goddesses and was able to protect the kingdom from its enemies by herself. Her powers were even stronger than her husband Osiris and her grandfather, the mighty son god, Ra. Lots of her powers deal with sickness and death. Isis is able to help citizens mourn the dead and teach them grief before she was able to bring them back to life. Isis uses her magic to perform healing spells on ordinary citizens.

    Unique to Isis is the ability to absorb traits from other goddesses. She can absorb many of the funerary goddesses’ roles, specifically the goddess Hathor. 

    In ancient Egyptian texts, no deity speaks more than Isis. Her ability to communicate effectively and interact with ordinary citizens through speech makes her especially unique. 

    Characteristics

    Isis is depicted as a human woman who wore a sheath dress. Sometimes, she is portrayed as a scorpion, cow, bird or sow. Isis is often seen with various headdresses. She wears headdresses associated with other goddesses when she assumed their traits, one of her unique abilities. The vulture headdress represented the goddess Mut and the headdress with the disc with horns represents the goddess Hathor. Isis is sometimes depicted with wings. Isis and her wings brought fresh air to the underworld when she went to go visit Osiris, her husband. 

    A 2D image of Isis with blue wings and the disc with horns.

    Source: Connolly Cove

    Traits

    Isis originally was an obscure and unknown goddess who lacked real dedication and importance, but grew in popularity and importance as the dynastic age progressed. She is a principal deity of the dead and was connected to rituals with the deceased. Isis has lots of ties to the underworld, since her husband ruled that area, and also dealt with ordinary citizens and their grief and mourning of the dead. 

    The goddess is also seen as an ideal traditional Egyptian mother and wife. Isis is content to be in the background and nurture, but is a fierce and loyal protector of her family when the time came. Her motherly instincts are prominent and strong. 

    Symbols

    The hieroglyphic sign of the throne is often in deceptions of Isis, most likely in relation to her son Horus as a leader and Isis’ connection to being the mother of the pharaohs. Kites and falcons are big symbols of Isis because those were used to revive Osiris in the myth of Osiris’ death. Kites symbolize freedom and protection in Egypt. Isis used a kite because it allowed her to move quickly to find Osiris throughout Egypt. Heifers were also symbols of Isis because of her motherly nature and connection to fertility. 

    A state made of faience of Isis nursing Horus.

    Source: The Met Museum

    Festivals and Rituals

    Isis, similar to Bastet, had a big cult following. Rulers in Egypt and Nubia built temples dedicated to the goddess. Her cult spread to the Roman Empire and was worshiped all over from England to Afghanistan to Rome to Paris and more.

    Egyptians held a festival in dedication to Isis with a huge harvest to earn her respect and favors. The people also performed chants at the ceremony, perhaps another piece of history that alluded to Isis’ role as a communicator. 

    Isis’ special spoken communication was significant in the development of her cult and made this cult especially important in history. Isis would speak to her cult community often—more so than the gods. Her words helped those deal with grief and accept the fate of the deceased.

    Legends associated with Isis

    Isis is among the first group of gods and goddesses said to create the world as we know it, according to Egyptian myth. Her stories of resilience and dedication to her family makes her an important role model to the Egyptian community. 

    Origin story

    According to a popular ancient Egyptian myth, Isis is part of the first creation of Egyptian gods and goddesses. The world was dark and watery at the beginning and that is where Atum, considered the first Egyptian god, created himself sitting on a mound that emerged from the waters. Atum created his children, Shu and Tefnut, by spitting them out of his mouth. His children then birthed Geb and Nut, and from them came Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. This was the creation of an ennead, groups of gods and goddesses in the number nine. Numbers were sacred in Egyptian culture, and nine was no exception. Nine could stand for “all gods.” Egyptians used the number three as plurals, so nine was the plural and plurals. Isis is part of the first family of nine that kickstarted the Egyptian deities in ancient Egyptian culture.

    The Death of Osiris

    The jealous and angry brother of Osiris, Seth (also known as Set), dismembered Osiris and scattered his body parts throughout Egypt. Isis was dedicated to finding her lover and searched Egypt for his body. The other Egyptian deities were so impressed with Isis and her dedication to Osiris, that they helped her revive him. Isis used her powers to put him back together, but he was neither dead or alive. He became a mummy and Isis then bore him their son, Horus. Osiris had to retreat to the underworld due to his state and became king of the dead. Isis and Horus lived in the Nile delta where Horus could stay hidden until he was fully grown and could avenge his father and claim the throne. Horus and Seth then were able to battle, but Isis was also Seth’s sister and felt pity for him during the battle. In one ending of the story, Isis helped Seth but was then beheaded by her son as a consequence. The beheading was reversed by magic and Isis and her son reconnected. Horus then took his place at the throne.

    A 2D image of Osiris and Isis.

    Source: Phoenician

    The Poisoning of Ra

    Before Horus was born, Isis began plotting his ascent to the throne. Although her magic was extremely powerful, it was difficult to harm Ra, her grandfather, because he was the mighty son god. Isis was clever and collected some of Ra’s drool, for he was old and tended to drool due to his ancient age, and used that mixed with clay to create a cobra. Isis was able to bring the clay cobra to life and guide it to the path that Ra often took daily. The cobra was able to strike Ra, and because it was made from part of him, Ra could not overcome the pain. Isis approached Ra and offered to cure him if he told her his true name. In Egyptian mythology, knowing someone’s “true name” gave you power over that person and was a guarded secret. Ra tried to trick Isis by giving her names he was known by, but not his true name. Isis would not budge as Ra’s pain intensified. Isis and Ra came to an agreement that if Isis cured him, Ra would give Horus, who was still unborn, his eyes. Ra’s eyes meant the sun and the moon, which were the sources of his power. This event laid part of the exposition for Horus to take his place at the throne and become a sun god himself, just like Ra.

    Influences of other religions/cultures on Isis

    Like many Egyptian deities, the worship of Isis ended with the rise of Christianity. However, little details of Isis may still be represented in Christianity. The worship of Isis may have influenced the worship and devotion to Mary, a figure in Christianity, but the evidence is ambiguous. Images of Isis nursing her son Horus may have also influenced Christian artists for portrayals of Mary and Jesus.

    A statue made of bronze of Isis sitting and holding her son Horus.

    Source: The Walters Art Museum

    Modern appearances 

    Besides the possible clues in Christian art, there isn’t a ton of Isis in modern society. Isis and Osiris are depicted on the ceiling of Pope Alexander VI’s private apartments in Italy. Bob Dylan’s popular song “Isis” also has several references to Egypt.

    A side-by-side image of a statue of Isis and Horus and a painting of Mary and Jesus.

    Source: Columbia

    Final thoughts

    Isis’ impact on Egyptian culture and history is immense. Her dedication to her role as a mother and a wife is admirable. Isis’ dedication to her family made her a big role model to women in ancient Egyptian times. Her magical abilities were used to service deities as well as ordinary citizens. Isis’ impact on speech and communication made her an important historical marker in Egyptian history and parts of Isis can still be seen today in modern Christianity. Although she isn’t worshiped anymore, the legends and abilities surrounding the goddess makes her a memorable and significant part of Egyptian mythology.  

    Sources

    Bommas, M. (2022, July 21). “I am isis”: The role of speech in the cult of Isis. Egypt and the Classical World: Cross-Cultural Encounters in Antiquity. https://www.getty.edu/publications/egypt-classical-world/03/#fn:1

    Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Isis. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Isis-Egyptian-goddess 

    Ennead. The Global Egyptian Museum | Ennead. (n.d.). http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=147 

    Goddess Isis: Fascinating facts about the mother of all gods. TheCollector. (2021, September 24). https://www.thecollector.com/ancient-egyptian-goddess-isis/ 

    Isis. Explore Deities of Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). https://egyptianmuseum.org/deities-isis#:~:text=Great%20mother%20Isis%2C%20the%20goddess,which%20is%20typically%20a%20throne 

    Isis. Mythopedia. (n.d.). https://mythopedia.com/topics/isis 

  • Tefnut: The Goddess of moisture, rain and dew

    Tefnut: The Goddess of moisture, rain and dew

    The first Egyptian goddess from Egyptian myth is Tefnut—a goddess known for her wrath and her peace. The daughter of the powerful Atum-Ra (known as both in myth) created from spit, Tefnut is the goddess of moisture, rainfall and humidity. She shares her life with her twin brother and husband Shu, the air god. Tefnut’s impact and history isn’t as thorough as some of the other Egyptian goddesses, but her presence as the first daughter of Ra in the creation of the world makes her a notable point in Egyptian history. Her powers can dictate the way humanity lives and thrives, so gaining this goddess’ respect is a must. Tefnut is a mother, daughter, sister and most importantly—the powerful Eye of Ra.

    A 2D image of Tefnut with the solar disc and scepter.

    Source: Study.com

    Overview of Tefnut

    Tefnut is the goddess of rainfall, moisture, humidity and all things to do with the well-being of the environment and crops. As one of the oldest goddesses in Egyptian history and the daughter of Ra, Tefut has the important title of the Eye of Ra, the feminine counterpart of the sun god Ra’s power. Her identity as a lunar goddess is connected to moisture, and her identity as a solar goddess is connected to dryness. Tefnut is the twin sister and husband of the air god Shu—the two children created by Ra at the start of time. Tefnut and Shu have two children themselves. Geb is the god of earth and Nut is the goddess of the night sky. 

    Titles

    Tefnut name translates to “She of moisture.” Her name could also be an onomatopoeia for spitting, as a reference to the nature of her creation. The roots of her name can be found in ancient Egyptian language for “moist” and “spit.”

    A 2D animated image of Tefnut sitting on a throne.

    Source: God and Demons Wiki

    Abilities

    Tefnut’s main ability is the power of rainfall. Because Egypt had lots of hot and dry deserts, rain was an especially cherished gift. Tefnut’s rain contributed to the growth of the Nile delta. The Egyptian people believed that as long as the Nile flowed, Egyptian civilization would stand strong. Tefnut could also cause heat waves and droughts, however. Her temper is a significant part of Tefnut and could affect everyone else around her. She is vital to Earth’s growth and flourishment, as well as surviving daily life.

    Characteristics

    Tefnut is usually depicted as having the body of a human woman and the head of a lion. She wore a solar disc on her head to represent her place as a solar deity. Cobras can also sometimes be seen being worn on Tefnut’s head. She holds a staff in one hand and the Ankh in the other. Tefnut being depicted as a full human is rare.

    Traits

    The goddess represented peace, fertility and good harvest. Tefnut, however, is also associated with wrath, anger and grudges due to her lioness form. The Eye of Ra is an important trait of Tefnut and can also be attributed to other goddesses such as Hathor, Sekhmet, Mut and Bastet. The Eye of Ra goddess is the mother, sibling, daughter and more of Ra. The eye goddess is usually represented as a lioness, cobra or other protective symbols. The Eye of Ra is an extension of Ra’s powers and is associated with the sun disc. The sun and moon are referred to as the “eyes” of Egyptian gods and goddesses by ancient Egyptians. It is a connection between the eye and moisture, but also the heat of the sun—which connects to Tefnut’s primary powers.

    Symbols

    Lionesses were a symbol of Tefnut. The Ankh she holds is the ancient Egyptian symbolization of life. The shape of the Ankh is modeled after a sandal strap. The Ankh is often depicted being held or offered by deities or pharaohs. The solar disc, which is representative of sun gods and specifically Ra, on her head represents power and command, while the cobras on her head are celestial signs of protection and defense. 

    A 2D colored image of Tefnut standing with the scepter, the Ankh and the solar disc.

    Source: Wikipedia

    Festivals and Rituals

    Tefnut was part of the original group of nine deities who were worshiped at Heliopolis, a major city in ancient Egypt. Heliopolis and Leontopolis were the two cities with the primary areas for the worship and cult centers of Tefnut. There was a sanctuary called the Lower Menset that was specifically dedicated to Tefnut.

    Legends associated with Tefnut

    Tefnut was among the first creations of Egyptian gods and goddesses, making her a valuable deity with tight relations to the most powerful gods and goddesses. Tefnut’s altering personalities of wrath and peace make her an interesting topic for legends and myths.

    Origin story

    According to a popular ancient Egyptian myth, Tefnut is part of the first creation of Egyptian gods and goddesses. The world was dark and watery at the beginning and that is where Atum, considered the first Egyptian god, created himself sitting on a mound that emerged from the waters. Atum created Tefnut and her twin brother Shu by spitting them out of his mouth. Other versions say he sneezed them out. Tefnut and Shu then birthed Geb and Nut, and from them came Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. This was the creation of an ennead, groups of gods and goddesses in the number nine. Numbers were sacred in Egyptian culture, and nine was no exception. Nine could stand for “all gods.” Egyptians used the number three as plurals, so nine was the plural and plurals. Isis is part of the first family of nine that kickstarted the Egyptian deities in ancient Egyptian culture. Tefnut’s gifts of moisture relate to her creation of being spit or sneezed out.

    Creation of humans

    Tefnut and Shu are connected to the creation of humans in Egyptian myth. According to the legend, Tefnut and Shu went to go explore the waters of Nun and after some time, their father Ra (Atum) was worried and sent out his Eye to find them. When Tefnut and Shu were returned safely, Ra wept and his tears created the first humans.

    Hand-drawn colored image of Shu and Tefnut.

    Souce: DeviantArt (made by lizard-mantidae)

    Nubia and the return to Egypt

    Because of her lioness nature, Tefnut was also a grudge holder and full of wrath. One story notes that Tefnut fled to Nubia when she was upset and took all of her moisture and rain with her. Egypt soon dried up and turned into chaos. While in Nubia, Tefnut turned herself into a lioness and went on a rampage to get back at Ra. Shu was sent to get his sister by their father and tried to convince Tefnut to come back to Egypt. Shu led Tefnut to Egypt with a joyous parade of Nubian musicians and dancers. Tefnut went from city to city to bring back the moisture and rain until she was finally reunited with Ra and took back her place as his Eye. 

    Final thoughts

    Though the information of Tefnut may be limited compared to other goddesses, her title of the daughter of Ra and the Eye of Ra makes her an influential goddess in the ancient Egyptian world. Her double persona as a lunar goddess and solar goddess gives her many abilities that control the well-being of the Egyptian world. Tefnut paved the way for incoming gods and goddesses as the ancient deities continue to grow.

    Sources:

    Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Ankh. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/ankh 

    Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.-b). Tefnut. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Tefnut/313796#:~:text=In%20ancient%20Egyptian%20religion%20and,of%20the%20air%20god%20Shu. 

    Kabir, S. R. (2022, December 19). Tefnut: Egyptian goddess of moisture and rain. History Cooperative. https://historycooperative.org/tefnut-goddess-of-moisture-and-rain/ 

    Tefnut. Ancient Egypt Online. (n.d.). https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/tefnut/ 

    Tour Egypt. Egypt. (n.d.). http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/tefnut.htm 

    Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, July 8). Eye of ra. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Ra#:~:text=The%20Eye%20of%20Ra%20or,behaves%20as%20an%20independent%20goddess. 

    YouTube. (2022, May 30). Tefnut: The Egyptian goddess of rain, water and moisture – ancient gods mythology. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffFgMl7baX8